Interaction of cowpea with Phytophthora vignae: inheritance of resistance and production of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase as a resistance response

doi:10.1016/S0885-5765(88)80008-0

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

Volume 32, Issue 1, January 1988, Pages 89-103

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-5765(88)80008-0 Get rights and content

The interactions between Phytophthora vignae and two cowpea cultivars are described. The cultivars are near-isogenic but differ in their resistance to P. vignae race 2. Cultivar Caloona is resistant, cv. Poona is susceptible. Resistance of cv. Caloona to race 2 is controlled by a single dominant gene and is expressed throughout the life of the plant in all tissues at temperatures up to 35°C. Inoculation of cut cowpea epicotyls with a plug of agar containing race 2 hyphae provides a reliable method of obtaining host tissue which responds in a predictable way to the pathogen. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity increases rapidly in invaded epicotyl tissue of cv. Caloona in response to inoculation with race 2. Increased PAL activity in advance of the hyphae is not detected. Low levels of PAL are produced by cv. Poona and cv. Caloona in response to inoculation with a race virulent on both cultivars (race 3). Application of l-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (1 mm) or aminooxy acetic acid (10 mm) through the cut bases of hypocotyls of cv. Caloona seedlings results in this cultivar, normally resistant to P. vignae race 2, becoming susceptible.

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The Origins of Phytophthora Species Attacking Legumes in Australia
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This chapter discusses the origins of phytophthora species attacking legumes in Australia. Phytophthora is one of the world's most economically significant genera of plant pathogens. In Australia alone, it is estimated to cause annual production loss in excess of $200 million. This does not include damage in natural ecosystems and subsequent losses to associated industries, such as tourism. Pasture legumes have played a major role in Australian agriculture for a long time. At the beginning of this century it was found that the accidentally introduced subterranean clover would flourish in regions with a winter rainfall and a short growing season. Phytophthora species may either be homothallic or heterothallic. The sexual spores, called “oospores” arise from fusion of two morphologically different gametangia; the oogonium and the antheridium. Despite many investigations, limited information is available concerning the dormancy of oospores and stimuli, which trigger their germination. Understanding the origins of Phytophthora provides insights into speciation processes, as well as applied relevance with respect to sources of resistance, particularly if a long history of co–evolution is expected. Gene–for–gene interactions in plant pathogens are the most rigorous demonstrations of co–evolution between antagonistic species. Hence, plant pathology has the potential to significantly contribute to the understanding of co–evolution and speciation in evolutionary biology.
Inhibiting phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase suppresses Mla1 (HR) but not mlo5 (non-HR) barley powdery mildew resistances
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The effects of AOPP, an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and of OH-PAS, an inhibitor of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) on the barley powdery mildew resistances conditioned by the dominant Mla1 (hypersensitive cell death based) and the recessive mlo5 (conditioning penetration resistance without cell death) major gene alleles were determined in leaf and coleoptile tissues. The inhibitors were applied either by uptake through cut ends of detached leaves or directly to monolayers of epidermal cells dissected from coleoptiles. In leaves, both inhibitors decreased localized autofluorescence in epidermal cell walls directly beneath primary germ tubes and appressoria. With the Mla1 resistance allele both inhibitors strongly suppressed race-specific hypersensitive epidermal cell death (as indicated by whole cell autofluorescence in leaves or by cell collapse in the coleoptile epidermis). AOPP was effective at 1 mM in tissues of both leaves and coleoptiles. OH-PAS was effective at 1 mM in leaves and at 1-11 μM coleoptile tissue. Concomitant with the reduction in hypersensitive cell death in the coleoptile epidermis was an increase in average haustorium size and percentage of germlings producing hyphae. OH-PAS was effective when applied to the coleoptile epidermis as late as 16 h after inoculation, approximately 2 h before the onset of hypersensitive cell death. Results strongly suggest that the products of CAD activity play a direct role in stimulating events (like peroxidase activity and free radical formation) leading to programmed hypersensitive epidermal cell death conditioned by Mla1 . In contrast, the recessive mlo5 resistance, which is expressed by failure of the fungus to fully penetrate barley epidermal cells and form haustoria, was unaffected in either leaves or monolayers of colcoptile epidermis by OH-PAS or AOPP. With mlo5, localized autofluorescence was reduced at attack sites by inhibitor treatment, but treatment had no effect on rates of penetration based on observations of haustorium formation. These results indicate that mlo5 resistance docs not require PAL or CAD activity for its effectiveness. Therefore barley resistances due to the major Mendelian resistance alleles Mlal (HR resistance) and mlo5 (non-HR) differ in their respective mechanisms and in the physiological bases that underlie these mechanisms.
Inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase increases quantitative susceptibility of barley to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis D.C.)
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Seedling leaves of two barley lines, Algerian/4^* (f14) Man (S) and RISØ 5678-S, were excised and supplied either with water (controls), the phenylalanine ammonia lyase inhibitors AOA (α-aminooxy acetic acid) or AOPP (α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid), or the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor OH-PAS ([[(2-hydroxyphenyl)amino]sulphinyl]acetic acid, 1,1-di-methylethyl ester) by immersing their cut ends in solution. After 24 h leaves were inoculated with compatible Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei conidia and returned to the test solution for 36 h incubation. Treatment with AOA had no effect on the percentage of conidial germlings which penetrated the barleys successfully (formed haustoria), nor on the occurrence of localized autofluorescent host cell responses associated with fungal primary germ-tubes or appressoria. However, both AOPP and OH-PAS treatment led to increased quantitative susceptibility of both barley lines as the percentage of appressoria penetrating host cells to form haustoria was approximately doubled. This was associated with reduction in both the frequency and intensity of autoflu orescent responses associated with fungal germ-tubes; in this respect, the effects of AOPP were slightly more pronounced than those of OH-PAS. The results support the view that in barley, as in oats, autofluorogenic compounds accumulating at sites of germ-tube contact with host cells are phenolic compound(s) synthesized de novo following pathogen attack, that these compound(s) are products synthesized as part of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, and that the compound(s) are involved with resistance to attempted penetration from appressoria.
Suppression of host cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase increases oat epidermal cell susceptibility to powdery mildew penetration
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Seedling leaves of oat cvs Maldwyn and Selma have no known major resistance genes to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. avenae, but their susceptibility to infection is quantitative. Thus, only a portion of fungal germlings successfully overcome cell defences to penetrate host epidermis to form haustoria. OH-PAS ([[(2-hydroxyphenyl)amino] sulphinyl]acetic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester) is a potent, specific suicide inhibitor of CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), an enzyme specifically involved with synthesis oflignin precursors. OH-PAS was shown to inhibit CAD from oat in vitro. For in vivo assays of effects on epidermal cell defences, the cut ends of excised seedling leaves were immersed in OH-PAS solution for 24 h to allow uptake before inoculation with E. graminis conidia. Inoculated leaves were allowed OH-PAS uptake during a further 36 h incubation period. Initial experiments established that OH-PAS at 10⁻³ m decreased the frequency and intensity of localized autofluorescent host epidermal cell responses associated with primary germ-tubes (PGTs) and appressoria. Concurrently, OH-PAS treatment doubled the proportion of appressoria forming haustoria, i.e., it increased quantitative susceptibility by suppressing host cell defences. Similar results were obtained with 10⁻³ m AOPP (α-aminooxy-β-phenyl propionic acid), a competitive inhibitor of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) which catalyzes the first committed step in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Both inhibitors doubled the proportion of appressoria penetrating epidermal cells and forming haustoria. Both inhibitors reduced the frequency and intensity of localized autofluorescent epidermal host cell responses to PGTs and appressoria, although the effect of AOPP was somewhat greater than that of OH-PAS. Neither OH-PAS nor AOPP had any deleterious effects on fungal development. Results support the idea that host autofluorogens accumulating at sites of fungal germ-tube contact with epidermal cells are phenolic compounds. In addition, the study provides experimental evidence pointing to involvement of products synthesized as part of the lignin biosynthetic pathway in oat epidermal cell defence against attempted penetration by appressoria of E. graminis f.sp. avenae.
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Interaction of cowpea with Phytophthora vignae: inheritance of resistance and production of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase as a resistance response

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Physiological Plant Pathology

Phytochemistry

Physiological Plant Pathology

A new major gene for resistance to Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae in soybean

Phytopathology

Structural analysis of secreted root slime from maize (Zea mays L.)

Plant Physiology

Inheritance of resistance to Phytophthora root and stem rot in soybean

Agronomy Journal

A proposal for an international nomenclature of races of Phytophthora infestans and of genes controlling immunity in Solanum demissum derivatives

Euphytica

The conditions governing zoospore production in axenic cultures of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands

Australian Journal of Botany

Genetics of pathogenicity of Phytophthora infestans

Annual Review of Phytopathology

A microbiuret method for protein determination. Determination of total protein in cerebrospinal fluid

Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation

Inheritance and phenotypic expression of a dominant factor for black shank resistance from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia in a Nicotiana tabacum milieu

Tobacco Science

Quantitative localization of the phytoalexin glyceollin 1 in relation to fungal hyphae in soybean roots infected with Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea

Plant Physiology

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. I. Purification and molecular size of the enzyme from potato tubers

Biochemistry

Increase in PAL and lignin-like compounds as race specific resistance responses of potato tubers to Phytophthora infestans

Phytopathologische Zeitschrift

Response of Zea mays roots to infection with Phytophthora cinnamomi. I. The epidermal layer

Protoplasma