Industrial Applications of Porous Ceramic Membranes (Pressure‐Driven Processes)
Section snippets
Introduction: Pressure‐Driven Membrane Processes
Pressure‐driven membrane processes are among the most mature membrane technologies. They are used for liquid separations and are generally classified into four categories (Fig. 6.1). These are, in ascending order of size of solutes that can be separated, reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF):
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Microfiltration (0.05–10 μm)
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Ultrafiltration (0.1–0.001 μm)
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Nanofiltration (0.005–0.0005 μm)
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Reverse osmosis (<0.0005 μm, no “real” pores)
As pores (and
Porous Ceramic Membranes used in Pressure‐Driven Filtration
The most common ceramic membranes are made of Al, Si, Ti, or Zr oxides. Other materials include nonoxides (carbides, borides, nitrides, and silicides) and composites, which are made of combinations of oxides and nonoxides. Al, Zr, and Ti oxides are suitable for food and pharmaceutical applications as they meet the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements detailed in 21 Code of Federal Regulations (Good manufacturing practices). They normally have an asymmetrical structure composed of
Industrial Applications of Ceramic Membranes
Initially, ceramic membranes were developed for uranium enrichment and were also used in wastewater treatment. Over the past years, successful solutions and possible applications covered all industries and ceramic membranes are increasingly being used in industries such as biotechnology and pharmaceutical, dairy, food and beverage, as well as chemical and petrochemical, microelectronics, metal finishing, and power generation. Each industry has specific needs and opportunities. Some current
Ceramic Membrane Applications in Water and Wastewater Treatment
In the end of the 1980s, together with increased environmental awareness within society and industry, “zero discharge” changed from a technical description of 100% wastewater recycling to a “goal.” The principle of “zero discharge” is recycling of all industrial wastewater. This means that wastewater will be treated and used again in the process. Because of the water reuse, wastewater will not be released on the sewer system or surface water.
Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to the following people and companies, who were so kind as to review this chapter, provide useful comments and corrections, and give most of the pictures shown. They are listed below in alphabetical order of their company name: Peter Bolduan from atech innovations gmbh; Bruce Bishop from CeraMem; Andrew Frost from Fairey Filtration Systems Limited; Pierre Strauch from IBMEM; Ingolf Voigt from inopor GmbH; John Finley from MemPro Ceramics; David Dubbin and Bob Keefe from
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