An empirical examination of the impact of market microstructure changes on the determinants of option bid–ask spreads
Introduction
The bid–ask spread is of great importance to market participants as it represents a major component of the cost of executing transactions immediately. Since the seminal work of Demsetz (1968), two alternative strands of theory have developed to explain the determinants of bid–ask spreads. Firstly, information-based models (see Bagehot, 1971, Copeland & Galai, 1983, Easly & O'Hara, 1987, Glosten & Milgrom, 1985) suggest that the bid–ask spread is determined by market makers who balance the expected loss suffered by transacting with those in possession of superior information, the so-called “adverse selection” or “information asymmetry” problem, against the gain made by offering immediacy to liquidity traders. Alternatively, inventory-based models (see Garman, 1976, Ho & Stoll, 1981, Ho & Stoll, 1983, Stoll, 1978) propose that the bid–ask spread reflects the compensation required by market makers in order to induce them from their optimal inventory levels in the face of uncertain order flows.
Numerous studies have considered the determinants and behaviour of bid–ask spreads in relation to various markets including foreign exchange markets (Ding, 1999), equities markets Aitken & Frino, 1996, Goldstein & Nelling, 1999, McInish & Wood, 1992, Menyah & Paudyal, 1996, futures markets Frino et al., 1998, Gwilym & Thomas, 1998, Kofman & Moser, 1997 and options markets Berkman, 1992, George & Longstaff, 1993, Neal, 1992, Vijh, 1990. The empirical results from these studies of different markets generally concur that spreads are negatively related to alternative measures of trading activity and positively related to measures of price volatility.
Over the last decade an increasing number of exchanges, including the Singapore Stock Exchange, the New Zealand Stock Exchange, the Sydney Futures Exchange, and the Hong Kong Futures Exchange, have switched from traditional floor-trading to electronic screen-based systems. Consequently, an area of interest that has recently developed is the differential impact of alternative market structures upon both the magnitude of bid–ask spreads and the sensitivity of spreads to their previously identified determinants. For example, Theissen (2002), in his examination of parallel floor and screen-based trading systems, documents that bid–ask spreads in an anonymous screen-based trading market contain a larger adverse-selection component and hence are more sensitive to those factors, such as price volatility and trading volume, that impact upon this component.
A recent innovation in the Australian Options Market (AOM) provides a unique opportunity to examine the influence of market microstructure design on option bid–ask spreads. Over a 3-month period, beginning November 1997, securities listed on the AOM switched from a floor-traded quote-driven system to an electronically traded order-driven system known as the Derivative Trading Facility (DTF). Contemporaneously with this, the obligations of market makers in the AOM were also altered. The present study contributes to the existing literature as many of the determinants of option bid–ask spreads, such as nearness-to-money and option delta, are unique to option markets. Therefore, the purpose of this current study is to investigate the impact on the determinants of option-bid–ask spreads of changes in the microstructure of the AOM.
Section snippets
Determinants of bid–ask spreads
Demsetz (1968) is generally credited with being the first to address the theory of the bid–ask spread. He utilised a static demand and supply framework to model the spread as a transaction cost paid by a trader for the opportunity to trade immediately. Since this seminal paper, two main theories of the bid–ask spread have been advanced. Firstly, information-based models contend that the bid–ask spread arises as a consequence of the presence of information asymmetry between market makers and
Data and methodology
This study considers the determinants of bid–ask spreads relating to options written on the shares of nine companies: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ), Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP), Coles Myer (CML), Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), Lend Lease (LLC), National Australia Bank (NAB), News (NCP), Westpac Banking (WBC), and Woodside Petroleum (WPL). The sample period considered in this study encompasses the year before and the year after the introduction of the DTF to the AOM. The
Results
Table 3, Table 4 provide details of the results from the estimation of Eq. (1) in relation to call and put option spreads over the 2-year period surrounding the introduction of the DTF.
Eq. (1) explains greater than 59% (65%) of the cross-sectional variation in call (put) option spreads for each of the sample companies over the sample period. The results clearly suggest that spreads are negatively related to the number of contracts traded and positively related to the magnitude of the option's
Conclusion
This paper has examined the determinants of bid–ask spreads in the Australian Options Market before and after it switched from a quote-driven floor-traded market to an order-driven screen-traded market. The possibility that an option's spread was determined simultaneously with trading activity necessitated the estimation of a system of equations using three-stage least-squares analysis. Consistent with prior research, this study reports that both put and call option bid–ask spreads are
Acknowledgements
I am grateful for the helpful comments of Steve Easton, Gerry Gannon, Peter Pope, Stephen Taylor, Mark Shackleton, and seminar participants at Lancaster University, La Trobe University, Monash University, The University of Newcastle, and The University of Melbourne. This paper has also benefited from the insightful comments of delegates at the Seventh Asia Pacific Finance Association Annual Conference, the Twelfth PACAP/FMA Annual Conference, and the anonymous referee.
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