Elsevier

Accident Analysis & Prevention

Volume 94, September 2016, Pages 162-167
Accident Analysis & Prevention

Short communication
The role of exposure on differences in driver death rates by gender and age: Results of a quasi-induced method on crash data in Spain

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.020Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Part of the age and gender differences in driver death rates (DDR) depends on the exposure.

  • However, direct indicators of exposure are not available in many countries.

  • When using quasi-induced exposure methodology an increased adjusted DDR for older drivers were found.

  • The increased risk of death for male drivers was reduced when adjusted DDR were used.

  • Direct traffic indicators of exposure are needed by sub-groups of drivers.

Abstract

Aim

Part of the differences by age and gender in driver death rates from traffic injuries depends on the amount of exposure (km/year travelled). Unfortunately, direct indicators of exposure are not available in many countries. Our aim was to compare the age and gender differences in death rates with and without adjustment by exposure using a quasi-induced exposure approach in Spain, during 2004–2012.

Methods

Crude and adjusted death rate ratios (CDRR and ADRR, respectively) were calculated for each age and gender group. To obtain the latter estimates, in accordance with quasi-exposure reasoning, the number of registered drivers was replaced by the number of non-infractor drivers, passively involved in collisions with another vehicle whose driver committed an infraction. 18–29 years and female drivers were chosen as the reference categories for age and gender.

Results

Striking differences were found between CDRR and ADRR estimates. When CDRR were estimated, we found the highest traffic mortality among the youngest drivers, except for females in non-urban roads. ADRR however showed the highest mortality among the oldest groups, especially in females, peaking among drivers >74 years in all types of roads. Regarding differences by gender, both estimates revealed higher traffic mortality in males, although the differences were much smaller when using ADRR. CDRR and ADRR for males tended to converge as age increased.

Conclusions

Death risk from traffic injuries among drivers is clearly influenced by the amount of exposure. These findings further emphasize the need to obtain direct traffic exposure estimates by subgroups of drivers.

Introduction

Driver death rates are widely used in all countries as health indicators for road crashes, with several purposes; i.e., quantifying the magnitude of the problem, monitoring the usefulness of road safety measures, or identifying subgroups of high-risk drivers. Regarding the latter purpose, the experience in Europe, one of the safest regions in the world, has shown the success of the adoption of feasible quantitative targets based on the reduction of death rates in specific sub-groups of drivers (International Road Traffic and Accident Database, 2013). The large differences found in death rates from traffic injuries across age and gender groups of drivers (European Road Safety Observatory, 2013) has been used to identify subgroups of high-risk drivers (for example, young male drivers), in order to prioritize preventive strategies for these subgroups (Santamarina-Rubio et al., 2014). However, the real causes of these differences cannot be easily ascertained through the use of mortality rates based on the number of registered drivers by gender and age, because this denominator does not capture the amount of exposure yielded by each group of drivers (European Road Safety Observatory, 2005). Therefore, direct exposure indicators that truly fit these mortality rates to real conditions of the driver population are required. Different types of direct exposure measures are used for estimating mortality risk. Vehicle-kilometers (or person-kilometers, taking into account vehicle occupancy) and time spent in traffic are the closest to the theoretical definition of exposure (European Road Safety Observatory, 2005). Together with number of trips, they are usually measured by both national surveys and specific questionnaires (Blanchard et al., 2010, Chipman et al., 1992). Vehicle-kilometers is perhaps the most often used direct exposure measure because it captures regional and temporal variations in the use of roads in a particular area (European Road Safety Observatory, 2005). Unfortunately, in Spain there are no routine surveys addressing the amount of exposure for different subgroups of drivers and driving environments. Instead, the information on exposure is based on aggregate estimates of the average kilometers travelled, referred only to non-urban roads (Ministerio de Fomento, 2014), or on indirect estimates from the registered drivers or fleet (Novoa et al., 2009). This entails a strong limitation for investigating the traffic accidents-related factors, prioritizing road safety interventions and explaining the differences in the magnitude of death rates across subgroups of drivers.

In an effort to overcome the above limitation, in the present study we apply an indirect approach based on a quasi-induced exposure method (Lardelli-Claret et al., 2006, Stamatiadis and Deacon, 1997), which may be useful for those countries that do not get direct exposure estimates, allowing to adjust for the differences in driver death rates found between age and gender subgroups of drivers by their respective amount of exposure. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare and explain the age and gender differences in driver death rates with and without adjustment by exposure in Spain, from 2004 to 2012.

Section snippets

Methods

The Spanish Dirección General de Tráfico (Traffic General Directorate) provided the two data sources for this study. The first one was the Spanish Register of Drivers of motorized vehicles (Dirección General de Tráfico, 2015), from which we obtained the number of licensed drivers stratified by year (from 2004 to 2012), by gender and age groups (15–17 years, 18–29 years, 30–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–74 years and >74 years). The study period started in 2004, when road safety was included on the

Results

In total, 17,975 drivers died in traffic accidents between 2004 and 2012 in Spain (90.3% were men and 9.7% were women). The annual number of drivers killed decreased from 2820 in 2004 to 1157 in 2012 (58.6% reduction among men and 61.9% among women).

Regarding variations in death rates across age groups, we found strong differences depending on the use of CDRR or ADRR. When we assessed the mortality rates in the overall population of drivers, CDRR showed that the youngest age group (15–17 years)

Discussion

The magnitude and, in some cases, the direction of the differences in death rates according to age and gender groups change substantially when adjustment by exposure is taken into account. When unadjusted rates were used, the highest mortality was found for the youngest drivers; however, the adjusted comparisons showed the highest rates in the oldest drivers. The high amount of driving exposure in the younger drivers explains most of their higher death rates. In the same way, a large part of

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

Funding

This work was supported by Health Strategic Action, co-financed by FEDER (European Regional Development) funds, “Una manera de hacer Europa” [grant number: PI14/00050] and Spanish Network on Addictive Disorders (RTA) [RD06/0001/1018 and RD12/0028/0018]. Writing of the paper was supported by “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Actuación de Formación Posdoctoral” [FPDI-2013-15827].

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Directorate General of Traffic (DGT) for allowing access to their database of traffic accidents with victims and sending reports on traffic injury deaths. Thanks also to Mónica Ruiz for her help in searching for information.

References (22)

  • European Road Safety Observatory 2005 State of the Art Report on Risk and Exposure Data. Available at:...
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