Evolution of foredune texture following dynamic restoration, Doughboy Bay, Stewart Island, New Zealand

doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.06.003

Aeolian Research

Volume 19, Part B, December 2015, Pages 203-214

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.06.003 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Landscape metrics can be used to track changes in foredune morphology during dune restoration programs.
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This method provides an objective method of evaluating dynamic restoration success.
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Coastal dune restoration programs will benefit by the routine use of reference sites.

Abstract

Growing concern regarding the geomorphic and associated biotic effects of dune management practises has led to an increase in the number of dune restoration projects globally. Most recent projects aim to enhance the efficiency of aeolian sediment dynamics and increase dune mobility by decreasing vegetation cover, but we lack objective measures to evaluate such projects. Here we demonstrate the use of landscape metrics to quantify the evolution of foredune texture following the removal of vegetation.

A long-term program of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) eradication in southern New Zealand (Doughboy Bay, Stewart Island) is examined. Four metrics: bare sand area, patch adjacency, complexity, and the range of proximity, are used to classify a series of foredune textures beginning with the pre-restoration state through the phases of marram removal, to the current state. Foredune texture at Doughboy Bay has evolved from a semi-stable to an active state as the consequence of restoration. Two metrics, bare sand and adjacency, appear to be particularly good measures of change following marram removal. Patterns and rates of change for these metrics are consistent with ground observations of increased ‘naturalness’ (native plant communities, sand mobility) over the same period.

The set of landscape metrics derived for Doughboy Bay were compared to similar sets measured for a nearby foredune system where marram invasion has not occurred, and where conditions presumably represent equilibrium foredune texture. Since the removal of marram at Doughboy Bay and the consequent remobilization of the sand surface, the foredune texture has increased in similarity to that of the reference site, indicating a favourable shift in plant cover as a result of the restoration program. We conclude that landscape metrics can be used to track changes in foredune morphology following restoration. Second, the planning, management, and monitoring of coastal dune restoration programs will benefit by the routine use of reference sites to evaluate the appropriateness and success of restoration actions.

Introduction

Invasion by introduced plant species has led to a general increase in plant cover and stabilisation of foredune systems on temperate coasts. Both native and non-native sand-binding plants, often those of the Ammophila spp., have been planted widely for flood and wave erosion defence (e.g., Avis, 1989, Hilton, 2006, Wiedemann and Pickart, 2004, Arens et al., 2013). Naturalisation of non-native dune species, and their subsequent spread as the result of marine dispersal, has also contributed to the increased stability of foredune systems (e.g., Buell et al., 1995, Aptekar and Rejmanek, 2000, Hilton et al., 2005, Konlechner and Hilton, 2009). The consequence has been a widespread inhibition of the natural geomorphic processes of aeolian erosion, sand drift and dune migration along many coastlines.

In contrast to the past focus on enhancing shoreline and dune stability, many scientists and shoreline managers now advocate for greater dynamism in foredune systems (e.g., Jackson et al., 2013). Foredunes are shore-parallel dune ridges formed on the top of the backshore by aeolian sand deposition within vegetation (Hesp, 2002). They represent the landward most part of the sand-sharing system associated with beach-dune interaction (Hesp, 2004), and are common in most coastal aeolian systems (Johnson, 1919, Sherman, 1995, Hesp, 2002). Numerous restoration projects aimed at destabilising foredunes that were anthropogenically stabilized are now underway (see, for example, Hilton et al., 2009, Pickart, 2013, Darke et al., 2013, Arens et al., 2013, Konlechner et al., 2014). Enhanced sand mobility is usually achieved through the deliberate removal of vegetation by either manual or chemical means and has occurred at a range of scales from a few square metres to hectares. In all cases, such projects seek to increase the complexity, diversity and resilience of the dune landforms and associated plant communities by reactivating or providing for aeolian sedimentation and dune mobility.

We currently have no objective means of evaluating the success of these restoration projects. To date, much of the research into the restoration of dune systems has been ecological in focus (Lithgow et al., 2013, Walker et al., 2013). Restoration success has been typically evaluated by measuring changes in species diversity, vegetation structure, or ecological processes such as nutrient cycling (e.g., Gallego-Fernández et al., 2011, Lithgow et al., 2013, Buisson et al., 2014), with little consideration of geomorphic process. Ideally these ecosystem attributes are compared to an appropriate ‘reference’ site that serves as a measure of an intact, unmodified ecosystem (Ruiz-Jaen and Aide, 2005). Geomorphic change following intervention is usually measured with cross-shore topographic profiles or changes in active sand surface area with only indirect measures of aeolian activity (Walker et al., 2013). Recently, spatial statistical methods have been used to quantify geomorphic changes within the dune landscape following deliberate vegetation removal (Walker et al., 2013). While these methods provide an indication of dune dynamics following intervention, they do not provide the basis for evaluating the appropriateness of the resulting morphodynamics at the restoration site. For example, the removal of vegetation from the foredune in the Walker et al. (2013) study was effective in increasing mobility of the target dune system; but it was noted that the dune systems within the region appear to be entering an increased phase of stabilisation. Thus the restored state of their target dune system may not be appropriate or at equilibrium with the longer term eco-geomorphic trends of the region. Comparison against an appropriate reference site, i.e. a relatively unmodified dune system at eco-geomorphic equilibrium, provides one means of evaluating the appropriateness and therefore ‘success’ of the restoration efforts.

Foredune systems are susceptible to substantial morphodynamical change as a consequence of major disturbance events such as severe storm erosion, over-grazing, or blights. Where some degree of ecosystem service is provided by the damaged or destroyed system, management intervention may be desirable or necessary to mitigate the loss (Spalding et al., 2014). Foredunes provide a suite of ecosystem services, mainly through the provision of habitat, shore protection and recreational resources (Defeo et al., 2009). Dune erosion by coastal storms, in particular, represents a threat to the integrity of many systems. In the US, recent storms such as Hurricanes Ivan (Houser et al., 2008), Katrina (Lindemer et al., 2010), and Ike (Sherman et al., 2013), and Superstorm Sandy (Irish et al., 2013) caused widespread dune erosion and concomitant damage to foredune ecosystems.

Dune restoration programs are often planned to mitigate the effects of such events. Here we evaluate a method to obtain an objective measure of dynamic restoration success. We use a set of landscape metrics to quantify the evolution of foredune texture following the removal of vegetation. The term ‘foredune texture’ was proposed by Ryu and Sherman (2014) to represent the spatial attributes (at the square meter scale) of patterns of bare sand areas in a matrix of vegetation distributed across a foredune surface. The concept of foredune texture includes the size, distribution and shape of sand patches in a manner similar, but not identical to, that used in landscape ecology and image analysis (Naveh, 2000, Frohn and Hao, 2006).

We demonstrate the application of foredune texture analysis to the assessment of restoration programs with reference to a program of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) eradication in southern New Zealand (Doughboy Bay, Stewart Island). Since 1999 this site has been the focus of a dynamic restoration project that aims to restore the natural processes and patterns of sedimentation across a prograded foredune barrier. We compare the foredune texture of Doughboy Bay in 2013, 15 years after restoration commenced, to that of a nearby foredune system where marram invasion has not occurred, in a manner analogous to the use of reference sites in ecological restoration. If restoration has been successful then the foredune texture at the restoration site should be similar to, or trending towards, that of the reference site. The quantification of foredune texture may also serve as a means of estimating rates of recovery and time necessary for the morphodynamic state to approach equilibrium, and for the assessment of the success of these programs. This might be especially valuable for comparing recovery rates of similarly impacted foredune systems with and without intervention.

Section snippets

Landscape metrics and foredune texture

The term landscape metrics, as used in this study, refers to indices that quantify spatial characteristics of sand patches. Landscape metrics can be used to evaluate dune restoration projects because of the coupling of vegetation and dune system morphodynamics. As the area of bare sand is linked to potential dune mobility (Wiggs et al., 1995, Lancaster and Helm, 2000, Hugenholtz and Wolfe, 2005, Tsoar, 2005, Bhattachan et al., 2013, Siegal et al., 2013), it follows that an increase in the area

Study site

The Doughboy Bay and Smoky Beach sites are situated on the west coast of Stewart Island, Southern New Zealand, within Rakiura National Park (Fig. 2). They are two of a number of windward coast dune systems characterised by transgressive dune forms, particularly parabolic dunes. These sites are isolated from most anthropogenic activity and consequently they have high conservation values (indigenous species, multiple habitats, rare habitats). Marram grass poses the main disruptive threat to these

Foredune metrics

The six classified images for Doughboy Bay are presented in Fig. 9. The set of images depicts a marram-covered, foredune in 1989 (Fig. 9A) that persisted until the first few years of the marram eradication program when destabilization of the seaward edge of the foredune began in 2000 (Fig. 9B). Based upon evaluation of the Fragstats metrics and their comparison with the Ryu and Sherman (2014) findings, the foredune texture type depicted in these early images was aggregated state (bare sand less

Conclusions

Growing concern regarding the geomorphic and associated biotic effects of dune management practises has led to an increase in the number of dune restoration projects globally. Most of the recent projects aim to enhance the efficiency of aeolian sediment dynamics and increase dune mobility by decreasing vegetation cover. There has also been increased recognition that restoration programs for coastal dune systems that have been degraded by natural events, such as severe storms, may play a

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful for logistic and funding support provided by the Department of Conservation, Southland Conservancy, New Zealand. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Williams Evans Fellowship, University of Otago.

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Dune management along developed coasts has traditionally focussed on the suppression of the geomorphic dynamics of the foredune to improve its role in sea defence. Because a stabilized foredune acts as an almost total barrier to aeolian transport from the beach, the habitat diversity in the more landward dunes has degraded. With the overarching objective to mitigate this undesirable loss in biodiversity, dune management projects nowadays increasingly intend to restore aeolian dynamics by reconnecting the beach-dune system with notches excavated through the foredune. Here, we use repeat topographic survey data to examine the geomorphic response of a coastal dune system in the Dutch National Park Zuid-Kennemerland to five notches excavated in 2012–2013 within an 850-m stretch of the 20-m high established foredune. The notches were dug in a V-shape (viewed onshore), with a width between approximately 50 and 100 m at the top, a (cross-dune) length between 100 and 200 m, and excavation depths between 9 and 12.5 m. The 1 × 1 m digital terrain models, acquired with airborne Lidar and UAV photogrammetry, illustrate that during the 3-year survey period the notches developed into a U-shape because of wall deflation, and that up to 8-m thick and 150-m long depositional lobes formed landward of the notches. Sand budget computations showed that the sand volume of the entire study area increased by about 22,750 m³/year, which, given the 850-m width of the study area, corresponds to an aeolian input from the beach of approximately 26.5 m³/m/year. Between 2006 and 2012 all wind-blown beach sand deposited on the seaward side of the foredune; since 2013, the notches have caused 75% of the sand to be deposited landward of the foredune. This highlights that the notches are highly effective conduits for aeolian transport into the back dunes. Future monitoring is required to determine for how long the notches will stimulate aeolian dynamics and if (and when) vegetation eventually starts to regrow and enforces the degeneration of the notches.

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Evolution of foredune texture following dynamic restoration, Doughboy Bay, Stewart Island, New Zealand

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Landscape metrics and foredune texture

Study site

Foredune metrics

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Geomorphology

Landscape Urban Plan.

Aeolian Res.

Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci.

Remote Sens. Environ.

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Geomorphology

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Coast. Eng.

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Landscape Urban Plan.

Mar. Geol.

Geomorphology

Aeolian Res.

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