Original ResearchObstetricsEnoxaparin for the prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in women with a history: a randomized trial
Introduction
Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are common causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia complicates 3-5% of pregnancies. IUGR is more difficult to define and measure but approximately 10% of infants will be born small for gestational age (SGA) defined as birthweight <10th customized birthweight percentile. At least two thirds of these infants will have had evidence of abnormal uterine and umbilical artery Doppler waveforms if diagnosed prior to birth suggesting significant uteroplacental disease.1 Thus SGA is used as the most reliable surrogate marker for IUGR.
There are a wide variety of identified risk factors for preeclampsia and/or SGA but risk prediction models, at best, remain modest.2, 3 Until relatively recently it has been suggested that inherited thrombophilias are associated with preeclampsia and SGA, however, more recent evidence from prospective cohort studies suggests this association, if present, is only weak.4 Obstetric history remains the most commonly used method for risk assessment in current clinical practice. Women with previous preeclampsia and/or SGA are at significant risk of recurrence especially when the disease was severe and occurred early in pregnancy.5, 6, 7, 8
Preeclampsia and IUGR are considered placental diseases and there is likely to be considerable overlap in pathological mechanisms. This fact has led investigators to research common therapeutic and preventative strategies for both diseases. Aspirin and calcium have been studied in a large number of randomized trials in a variety of populations and although effect sizes are only modest both significantly reduce the incidence of preeclampsia,9, 10 and aspirin also decreases the incidence of SGA.11 Their use should be considered standard practice for women at high risk of these conditions.12, 13, 14
Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) have potential as preventative therapies. Their presumed benefit may relate to their anticoagulant properties although it is likely that additional effects on trophoblast development may be more important.15, 16, 17 Small observational and nonrandomized trials18, 19, 20, 21 reporting benefit have led to a variety of randomized controlled trials. These initially focused specifically on populations with or without thrombophilia,22, 23, 24 but trials commenced more recently have included women regardless of thrombophilia status. Results from individual trials of LMWH are conflicting,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 possibly reflecting the heterogeneity of the populations being examined, the type of heparin/LMWH being tested, prolonged trial recruitment phases,23, 24 and early trial discontinuation due to presumed overwhelming effect22 or futility of ability show any effect.25 Recent meta-analysis29 and individual patient data meta-analysis30 also failed to conclusively demonstrate that LMWH reduces the risk of placenta-mediated complications in subsequent pregnancies for those deemed to be at high risk.
The aim of the Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Preeclampsia and IUGR (EPPI) trial was to assess the effectiveness of LMWH for the prevention of recurrence of preeclampsia and SGA. The trial aimed to be more precise, and clinically relevant, with its inclusion criteria and primary outcome measures specific to women at high risk of preeclampsia and/or SGA. Account was made of each participant’s thrombophilia status but this status did not define the study population. All participants received high-risk care including the use of low-dose aspirin and, where appropriate, calcium.
The EPPI trial is the first randomized controlled trial of LMWH to report the serial assessment of placentally derived angiogenic growth factors involved in the pathophysiological process of preeclampsia (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase [sFlt]-1 and soluble endoglin [sEng], which are elevated in preeclampsia31, 32, 33, 34; placental growth factor [PlGF], which is decreased in preeclampsia) as well as endothelial-derived circulating markers that are associated with maternal endothelial dysfunction (endothelin [ET]-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule [sVCAM]-1).
Section snippets
Study design, setting, and ethics statement
This was a multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial (ACTRN12609000699268) at 5 tertiary care centers in New Zealand, Australia, and The Netherlands. Appropriate ethics and governance approvals were obtained at each center. All women participating in the trial provided written informed consent.
Participants
Through the duration of the trial women referred for antenatal care were screened for eligibility. Women were eligible for inclusion if they were >6+0 and <16+0 weeks; gestation with a viable
Results
From July 26, 2010, through Oct. 28, 2015, a total of 157 women in 160 pregnancies consented and were randomly allocated to standard high-risk care and enoxaparin or standard high-risk care only. Three women were approached in 2 pregnancies and only the first eligible pregnancy was included; a fourth woman was deemed ineligible after randomization and was also excluded (156 participants were included). The outcome analysis included all pregnancies that proceeded >16 weeks (n = 149) (Figure 1).
Comment
The EPPI trial has not shown any beneficial effect of enoxaparin use in pregnancy to reduce the risk of recurrence of preeclampsia and SGA. There may be several reasons for this real or apparent lack of effect.
Many of the previous trials of LMWH have had very broad inclusion criteria for the prevention of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications including recurrent miscarriage,27, 28 second-trimester loss,22, 25 placental abruption,42 and unexplained stillbirth and nonpregnancy-related
Acknowledgment
Participating centers: National Women’s Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Perinatal Medicine, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
EPPI Trial Investigator Group. University of Auckland and Auckland City
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Cited by (0)
Supported by University of Auckland Faculty Research Development Fund (3625687/9803 and 3624720/9803); A+ Trust, Auckland District Health Board Charitable Trust (A+2011056); Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Scientific and Education Trust (3708366/9103); and the University of Auckland School of Medicine Performance Based Research Fund (71603/9450). The funders had no role in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Cite this article as: Groom KM, McCowan LM, Mackay LK, et al. Enoxaparin for the prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in women with a history: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:296.e1-14.