Effects of different systems of feeding supplements on time budgets of cows grazing restricted pasture allowances
Introduction
The amount of time spent lying and resting by dairy cows can substantially affect their comfort and welfare (Overton et al., 2002). Several studies have demonstrated cow lying time influences milk production (Hart et al., 1978, Munksgaard and Lovendahl, 1993), foetal development (Nishida et al., 2004) and clinical health (Fisher et al., 2002). The way cows are managed can influence their lying behaviour (Fisher et al., 2003). Dairy feeding systems are continually evolving to cope with increased environmental variation, in an attempt by herd managers to remain profitable. Traditional systems for feeding supplements to grazing cows involve feeding grain-based concentrates in the dairy at milking times. More recently, however, systems that offer cows high amounts of supplements as a mixed-ration on a feed-pad before they go to graze have become increasingly common; such systems are defined as PMR systems (partial mixed ration system, Bargo et al., 2002a). These systems can offer nutritional advantages over ‘slug’ feeding of concentrates during milking (Auldist et al., 2013, Bargo et al., 2002b).
When cows are fed mixed-rations on a feed-pad twice daily after each milking, they spend more time away from pasture than when they are fed grain in the dairy during milking. This may be accompanied by increased walking to and from the pasture, and increased time standing on concrete; during these periods cows do not have opportunity to lie down. Metz (1985) showed that 3 h of lying deprivation increased the need for lying in cows and that the motivation to lie down was strongest immediately after the deprivation. As grazing and lying down are mutually exclusive behaviours, there is direct competition for the time allocated to each of them, particularly during the times when pasture is scarce. Thus, there is an interest in comparing the daily lying and grazing times of dairy cows receiving supplements in different ways, to ensure there are no adverse effects of these emerging feeding systems.
Increased rumination in dairy cattle has been associated with increased saliva production, which helps buffer the acidic conditions in the rumen (Owens et al., 1998). Although rumination can take place concurrently with standing, most rumination takes place while cows are lying (Beauchemin, 1991). Phillips and Leaver (1986) reported that cows normally spend 6–7 h/day ruminating while lying and only 1.5–2.5 h/day ruminating while standing. Concordantly, Nielsen et al. (2000) found that the proportion of time ruminating while standing decreased as lying time in cows increased. In addition, Cooper et al. (2007) reported that the total time spent ruminating decreased with increasing lying deprivation time, suggesting that there is an association between cow lying and ruminating times. Due to the imposed management of cows in these different supplementary feeding systems, we were also interested in quantifying the ruminating behaviour of PMR cows compared with cows fed grain in the dairy and silage in the paddock.
This is the first experiment to investigate time budgets of dairy cows offered a restricted pasture allowance and managed in different supplementary feeding systems. Thus, the experiment was conducted with the aim of testing the following null hypotheses: (i) that the lying time of pasture-based dairy cows would not be affected by feeding system nor amount of supplement offered at restricted pasture allowances; (ii) that the grazing time of pasture based dairy cows would not be affected by feeding system; (iii) that the grazing time of these cows would not be affected by amount of supplement offered at restricted pasture allowances; (iv) that the proportion of time per day spent ruminating while lying down would not be affected by feeding system nor the amount of supplement offered at restricted pasture allowances.
Section snippets
Material and methods
This experiment was conducted at the Department of Primary Industries (DPI), Ellinbank Centre, Victoria, Australia (38°24′S, 145°94′E) during October and November (spring) 2010, with the approval from the DPI-Victoria Agricultural Research and Extension Animal Ethics Committee and in accordance with the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2004). The experiment was part of a larger experiment
Results
Daily pasture, supplement and total intake data for both Control and PMR cows offered with four different amounts of supplement (8, 10, 12 or 14 kg DM/cow/day) are presented in Table 1 (adapted from Auldist et al., 2012).
No type of feeding system × amount of supplement interaction was found for the behavioural variables recorded during this study and the results are therefore presented in terms of additive main effects.
The effects of type of feeding system on cow behaviour are presented in Table 2
Discussion
The first null hypothesis tested in this experiment was that the lying time of pasture-based dairy cows would not be affected by the system of feeding supplement, or the amount of supplement offered, at restricted pasture allowances. Lying is a long duration behavioural state in dairy cows and it has been demonstrated in many studies that the free opportunity to perform this behaviour is a basic requirement for the well-being of dairy cows. Haley et al. (2000) stated that the duration of total
Conclusions
The current experiment provides an insight into the comparative time budgets of grazed dairy cows managed using different systems for feeding supplements at a reduced pasture allowance. Feeding grazing cows on a feed-pad for part of the day extended the time off-pasture and imposed slight changes in cows’ time budgets. However, lying time was not affected by feeding on a feed-pad, indicating that cows were not at risk of compromising their resting time in this changed feeding environment. This
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to G. Morris, A. McDonald, D. Clarkson, M. Norman, N. Gleeson and DPI-Ellinbank farm staff for cow feeding and husbandry. The assistance from B. Schirmer, A. Naththarampatha, M. Conley, C. van Oostveen and L. Edwards during the cow observations is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank Murray Hannah from DPI, Ellinbank Centre for statistical advice throughout this study. This study was co-funded by DPI-Victoria, University of Melbourne and Dairy Australia.
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