Original articleBrain Regions Associated with the Expression and Contextual Regulation of Anxiety in Primates
Section snippets
Subjects
Twenty-five male rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) ranging in age from 2.2 to 4.6 years (mean age = 3.1 years) and weighing between 3.2 and 7.4 kg (mean weight = 5.0 kg) were the subjects. The monkeys were pair housed and maintained on a 12-hour light/dark cycle at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and at the Harlow Primate Laboratory. Animals had water ad libitum and were fed monkey chow every morning. Animal housing and experimental procedures were in accordance with institutional
Brain Activity and Freezing Duration During NEC and ALN Conditions
As can be seen in Figure 1, freezing occurred in both the ALN and NEC conditions with significantly more freezing expressed during NEC (t = 2.594, p = .016). During NEC, freezing duration was correlated with activation in an area of the basal forebrain that predominantly encompassed the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a portion of the substantia innominata and more anteriorly the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) (this region will be referred to as BNST/NAC) (R2 = .511, p < .001)
Discussion
The high-resolution, small-animal, PET scanner allowed us to examine patterns of brain activity in rhesus monkeys that are associated with freezing, as well as brain regions associated with the ability to adaptively regulate this threat-related response. The rhesus monkey is an excellent model because similar to humans, rhesus monkeys have a well-developed prefrontal cortex with bidirectional connections to the amygdala and other key subcortical structures (Amaral et al 1992, Fuster 1997). This
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