A novel computer aided quantification method of focal arteriolar narrowing using colour retinal image
Introduction
Attenuation or narrowing of the retinal arteriole is known as focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN), which is the sudden narrowing of the arteriolar width in the retina [1] as shown in Fig. 1.
Focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN) is an indication of arteriosclerosis. It is a systemic disease. The presence of FAN in the retinal arterioles affects the entire circulatory system [2]. Previous researches have shown that FAN has a significant correlation with cerebral thrombosis or coronary thrombosis [3], [4], [5], [6]. Currently, the assessment of FAN is performed by a human grader in a qualitative manner. The grader examines retinal photographs and compares the detected abnormalities with standard photographs to assess their presence and severity. This results in a 2-scale (absent or present) or 4-scale (absent, questionable, mild and severe) grading system. This grading process, however, depends heavily on the grader's expertise and thus, its accuracy and reproducibility are of concerns. Therefore a computer aided reliable and reproducible FAN quantification method is a necessity for the large scale and longitudinal studies.
Pedersen et al. [7] have presented a semi-automated method for the detection of FAN. They trace the artery from the user given start and end point using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. After tracing the artery they have used full width half maxima (FWHM) method to compute the arteriolar width. Then normalized accumulated gradient (NAG) and coefficient of variance (CV) of the arteriolar widths are used to detect the presence of FAN. In [7] only intensity information is used to trace the arteries which might not work for the arteries having low contrast and high central reflex. In Roy et al. [8] an automatic method is presented for detecting the presence of FAN in an arteriolar segment, where retinal vessels are first classified into artery and vein. Then arteries are divided into segments using the position of the branch and crossover points. Following this, the width of each artery segment is analysed to detect the presence of FAN. Automated FAN detection is extremely difficult in pathological retinal images because pathological retinal images contain arteries with poor contrast and high arterial central reflex [4] which makes classification of artery and vein very difficult. In addition, poor contrast of arteries affects the detection of branch and crossover points which is mandatory for fragmenting the arteries into small candidate segments. Thus automatic detection of candidate arteriolar segment is very challenging in pathological retinal images. In this paper we mainly focus on the quantification of the FAN, which provides more detail information regarding the FAN severity. Therefore we propose a semi-automatic method that uses little manual intervention to select the candidate arteriolar segment. Following that a novel arteriolar boundary mapping method is proposed to accurately map arteriolar boundary which is a necessity for accurate arteriolar width measurement.
Our main contribution is the proposal of a novel arterial boundary mapping method. Rather than using only intensity information, we incorporate gradient information into our segmentation framework. In addition, spatial prior information of the arteriolar shape is also incorporated into the segmentation framework using a graph based optimization approach. Arteriolar widths are computed after mapping the arteriolar boundaries and following that a set of FAN measurement scores is computed. Proposed method is evaluated on 116 artery segments of ENVISion retinal image dataset [9]. We select ENVISion dataset because it contains pathological retinal images with low contrast and high central reflex affected arteries taken from elderly people (age ) having hypertensive retinopathy. Our method quantifies the focal narrowing by analysing the arteriolar widths which shows high correlation with the manually graded FAN severity level given by two expert graders. Following that, we compare the accuracy of FAN quantification, using the proposed artery segmentation method and a state-of-the-art vessel segmentation method. Then, we compare the reproducibility of our method with two expert graders.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, description of the dataset is given. In Section 3, the details of the proposed method are described. The results and discussion which are summarizing the performance of the proposed method are presented in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
Section snippets
Dataset
The proposed method is evaluated using high resolution retinal images obtained from 54 patients of ENVISion study [9]. Two colour retinal photographs, centred on the optic disc and macula, are taken from each eye of the participant. The photographs are taken after 5 min of dark adaption, without pharmacological pupil dilation, using non-mydriatic (CR-1) Canon EOS 50D1 (15.1 mega pixel resolution) fundus camera with a field of view of 45°. The
Methodology
Block diagram of the proposed method is presented in Fig. 3. Our method has seven main steps as follows:
- 1.
Four manually given candidate points are used to crop a rectangular region of interest (ROI) containing the arteriole of interest (AOI).
- 2.
A set of preprocessing operations is performed on the ROI to make the AOI segmentation easier.
- 3.
The candidate arteriolar edge points inside the ROI are obtained by gradient analysis.
- 4.
A shortest path is fitted on the candidate arteriolar edge points to compute
Results and discussion
Among the four FAN quantification measurements (such as PN, NN, NAG and CV as mentioned in Section 3.7), percent narrowing is showing highest Spearman correlation coefficient with respect to the manually graded FAN severity levels obtained from two expert graders as shown in Table 2.
From the experiment above, we can see that PN is the most effective measure for FAN assessment. To visually assess the results, the boxplot in Fig. 16(a) and (b) shows the PN scores against the
Conclusion
A novel focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN) quantification method is proposed, which uses an intensity and gradient based graph optimization method to map the arteriolar boundary. Following that, a set of FAN measurement scores is computed to quantify the FAN severity. The accuracy of our proposed method is evaluated on 116 arteriolar segments of ENVISion study. The computed FAN measurement score: percent narrowing shows highest correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.82 and 0.84) with
Conflict of interest
None declared.
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