CommentaryDisabusing cocaine: Pervasive myths and enduring realities of a globalised commodity☆
Section snippets
Planting coca improves the growers’ standard of living
A high-value crop has the potential to relieve environmental pressure, as growers would obtain higher income whilst using less land. Cocaine is expensive, so surely coca growers have a huge income, right? Yes, but the standard of living of growers is low, increasing the need to exploit local resources and decreasing the resilience of these communities. Both the environment and the market play roles in determining this outcome. The regions where most coca is grown are not the ones that produce
More coca means more forest, since other cash crops require greater area
If cattle ranching is the main alternative to coca cultivation, then coca might prevent forest clearing because it produces higher value in a smaller area (Álvarez, 2002, Álvarez, 2003, Kaimowitz, 1997). The reality, however, is that coca has hastened the pace of land transformation because productivity per unit area is not the only or the most important determinant of land use in forested lowlands (Plate 1). Deforestation rates associated with coca are alarming. In a single year (2005–2006)
Fumigation will make immigrants who produce illicit crops return to their area of origin
Part of the justification for focusing much of the aerial fumigation program in southern Colombia was the assumption that most growers were recent arrivals from regions in conflict, or seeking stable employment after trying their luck in the cities. If this were the case, fumigation would succeed in relieving pressure on the forest by pushing these immigrants away from the frontier and into the cities, or back to already heavily transformed Andean landscapes. The demographic survey of coca
Illicit crop eradication increases consumer price thereby reducing demand
This is one of the main stated goals of eradication (Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 2004; The White House, 2005), and since both cultivation and aerial fumigation have had profound consequences for forests and natural resources, we review it here. The current eradication strategy is driven by the assumption that limiting coca production will directly result in reduced availability of cocaine, thus increasing its street price, diminishing profits and discouraging
Illicit crop eradication through aerial fumigation is environmentally neutral and it works
Aerial fumigation has been the main strategy to eradicate illicit crops in Colombia over the last 20 years. The environmental effects of aerial fumigation have not been studied in detail, but some reports argue that fumigation is preferable to the large-scale deforestation and chemical use associated with illicit crops (Cavelier & Etter, 1995; Solomon et al., 2007). Fumigation could have the opposite effect. A recent study from Putumayo documented defoliation of more than 32,000 ha of vegetation
Conclusion
As with other lucrative activities, the production of illegal drugs is a powerful and far-reaching agent of environmental degradation that is only beginning to be studied. Unlike other productive endeavours, there are international agreements—however disputed—to suppress the production and flow of illegal drugs. Suppression thus far has been carried out through policies that ignore the environmental and economic context of illicit crops, as well as the demographic characteristics of growers.
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- 1
Current address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.
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Authors contributed equally to this paper.