Sagartiidae (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) from hydrothermal vents and methane seeps in the Bering Sea
Introduction
Sea anemones are often found in chemosynthesis-based environments such as hydrothermal vents, seeps and whale falls (Daly and Gusmão, 2007; Zelnio et al., 2009; Becker et al., 2013; Goffredi et al., 2017). In such habitats most of the anemone species prefer to live on the periphery of these habitats (Sanamyan and Sanamyan, 2007; Zelnio et al., 2009; Rodríguez and Daly, 2010), but among actiniarians there are obligate species that dominate hot zones of hydrothermal vents (Fabri et al., 2011). Despite the high abundance, most of actiniarians remain unidentified and undescribed. Recently, trophic strategy of anemones from reducing habitats has been the subject of intensive research (Salcedo et al., 2019; Goffredi et al., 2021). Depleted tissue values of δ13C were shown for some actiniarian species from deep-sea reducing habitats, compare to anemones that feed via traditional suspension feeding or prey capture (Becker et al., 2013; Goffredi et al., 2017; Salcedo et al., 2019). Recently a new chemosynthetic symbiosis between the sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae (Daly et Gusmão, 2007) and intracellular bacteria was discovered at ∼ 3700 m deep hydrothermal vents (Goffredi et al., 2021).
Sagartiidae is a large family comprising many species of sea anemones known from almost all parts of the World Ocean. Surprisingly, the species belonging to this family were not reported from the Far East seas of Russia till very recent time. The first members of the family Sagartiidae in this region were reported by Sanamyan et al. (2016) and Sanamyan and Sanamyan (2020a) from Matua Island (middle group of Kuril Islands) (identified only to family level) and by Krylova et al. (2019) and Galkin et al. (2019) who reported Sagartiogeton californicus (Carlgren, 1940) from newly discovered methane seep sites on the Koryak slope, Bering Sea. Moreover, sagartiid species forms large settlements on the Northern summit of the Piip Volcano located north from Bering Island in the South-Western part of the Bering Sea (Fig. 1).
In the present work we provide detailed morphological description of Sagartiogeton californicus and describe new sagartiid species, Sagartiogeton rufus sp. nov., from the Piip Volcano, and discussed their phylogeny and ecology.
Section snippets
Sampling
The present work is based on the collected specimens and on the photographic images and video records taken during the following expeditions:
- 1)
Cruise 22 of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in 1990, Sigsbee trawl, Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences;
- 2)
Cruise 82 of RV Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev in 2018, ROV Comanche 18, NSCMB FEB RAS;
- 3)
Cruise 99 of RV Professor Levanidov in 2019, bottom trawl, Kamchatka Branch of the Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography
Morphological analysis
Order Actiniaria.
Family Sagartiidae Gosse, 1858.
Genus Sagartiogeton Carlgren, 1924.
Type species: Sagartiogeton robustus Carlgren, 1924 (subsequently designated by Carlgren, 1949)
Diagnosis: Sagartiidae with well-developed base. Body usually relatively thick-walled and may be divisible into scapus and scapulus. Scapus often but not necessarily with a cuticle and tenaculi. Column often with cinclides in its distal or proximal parts, or in both regions. Margin distinct or tentaculate.
Stable isotope analysis
The isotopic signatures of Sagartiogeton californicus did not vary depending on the distance to the seeps. The carbon isotope ratios (−21.8‰ to −18.5‰) of the studied species fit well to the available data for megabenthic organisms of the Bering Sea (Gorbatenko et al., 2009) and suggest a non-chemosynthetic origin of their food sources. It seems that these species do not benefit from extra food sources at cold seep locations. The occurrence of background species which do not exploit seep
Author statement
All authors contributed equally in the present work.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank the crews of the RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, RV Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev, RV Professor Levanidov and RV Professor Kaganovsky, as well as the pilots and technicians of ROV Comanche 18, for highly professional work. The research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Russian Federation (grant 13.1902.21.0012, contract No 075-15-2020-796). We are grateful to two anonymous referees for their constructive comments.
References (57)
- et al.
Methane seep communities on the Koryak slope in the Bering Sea
Deep–Sea Res. II
(2022) Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the galápagos, to the west coast of méxico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of alexander agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish commission streamer "albatross", during 1891, lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. XXIII. Preliminary report on the echini
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
(1898)- et al.
Using stable isotope compositions of animal tissues to infer trophic interactions in Gulf of Mexico lower slope seep communities
PLoS One
(2013) Description de deux Actiniaria
Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. (Monaco)
(1924)Ceriantharier, zoantharier och actiniarier
Meddelelser om Grønland
(1928)Eastern pacific expeditions of the New York zoological society. 19. Actiniaria from the Gulf of California
Zoologica: New York Zool. Soc.
(1940)Actiniaria Part II
Danish Ingolf-Expedition
(1942)A survey of the ptychodactiaria, corallimorpharia and Actiniaria
K. - Sven. Vetenskapsakademiens Handl.
(1949)On some new or interesting west American shells obtained from the dredgings of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1888, and from other sources
Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.
(1891)- et al.
The first sea anemone (Cnidaria: anthozoa: Actiniaria) from a whale fall
J. Nat. Hist.
(2007)
Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland
Actinida. Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876–1878. Zoologi
In situ fluxes and zonation of microbial activity in surface sediments of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano
Limnol. Oceanogr.
Does macrofaunal nutrition vary amoμg habitats at the Hakon Mosby mud volcano?
Cah. Biol. Mar.
Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific
Zootaxa
The hydrothermal vent community of a new deep-sea field, Ashadze-1, 12°58'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K.
Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: anthozoa)
Zootaxa
δ13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater systems
Contrib. Mar. Sci.
Comprehensive research of ecosystems of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the Bering Sea (cruise 82 of the R/V Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev)
Oceanology
Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity
Proc. Royal Soc. B.
Mixotrophic chemosynthesis in a deep-sea anemone from hydrothermal vents in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California
BMC Biol.
Benthic-pelagic trophic interactions within the fish assemblage in the western Bering Sea shelf area according to stomach content analysis and ratios of C and N stable isotopes
Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 2008
Description of Peachia hastata, a new genus and species of the class Zoophyta; with observations on the family Actiniadae
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
Synopsis of the families, genera, and species of the British Actiniae
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Notes on Zoanthinæ, with the descriptions of some new genera
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis
California: Palaeontol. Electron.
UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation
Mol. Biol. Evol.
Description of two new species of Actinia, from the south coast of Devon
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Cited by (2)
Seeps and vents of the Bering Sea
2023, Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography