Safety education through case study presentations
Highlights
► Undergraduate students were required to research and present a safety case study. ► 27 case studies are presented covering a range of key areas. ► Students received feedback from peers who were required to critique others. ► Student feedback was very positive for this method of learning.
Introduction
The teaching of process safety is critical to any undergraduate chemical engineering program. Students need to understand their responsibilities to themselves, their work colleagues and the wider community. They need to be aware of safe practices and also the consequences that may arise when those safe practices are not followed. The teaching of safety is also an accreditation requirement specified by international bodies such as the Institution of Chemical Engineers (2012) and the International Engineering Alliance (2009) as well as national accrediting bodies such as ABET (2011) in the US and Engineers Australia (2008). More recently the European Federation of Chemical Engineering Working Party on Education (EFCE-WPE) released guidelines on chemical engineering curricula within Europe which includes a significant safety element (Gillett, 2001, EFCE, 2010European Federation of Chemical Engineering, 2010). This supports the central contention of Hendershot and Smades (2007) that “…the foundation of a great safety culture in the process industries begins in the classroom…”.
The importance of teaching safety was confirmed following the investigation into the explosion and subsequent fires that killed four people at the T2 Laboratories chemical manufacturing facility in Florida in 2007 (USCSHIB, 2009aU.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2009a). An investigation by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board found that none of the operations staff involved at the site, including the owner, a trained chemical engineer, had any appreciation for the hazards associated with reactive chemical processes. In their recommendations in the incident report they strongly recommended that reactive chemical process awareness be incorporated into all undergraduate chemical engineering programs in the US. Subsequently Willey et al. (2011) developed an activity for use in an undergraduate reaction engineering subject based around this very incident.
In reviewing the important safety topics that all engineering students should be aware of Bryan (1999) developed a comprehensive list that included:
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where practicing engineers would be able to find information on safety and health rules, regulations and standards;
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employer and employee rights and responsibilities under the law where they are practicing;
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record keeping and reporting requirements;
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fire prevention and protection;
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the hazards of dealing with chemicals, toxic material and hazardous wastes;
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biomedical hazards;
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permit-to-work systems relating to procedures including confined space entry;
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safety management systems;
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responding to site emergencies such as hazardous material emergencies;
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environmental protection requirements.
To this list the author could have added
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human factors and safety;
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hazards associated with maintenance procedures and recovering from process upsets;
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process control;
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hazard identification and strategies for minimization of risk;
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the hazards associated with reactive systems; and
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inherently safe design.
As British philosopher and statesman Edmund Burke said in the 18th century, “Those who do not learn from history are destined to repeat it”. Many workers have suggested that the use of case studies is an effective method to address some aspects of chemical engineering safety education. Saleh and Pendley (2012) propose an entire subject on chemical engineering safety that relies in part on the use of case studies. Cortés et al. (2012) conducted a survey of Spanish safety engineering professionals and concluded that the best way to teach safety in an undergraduate engineering course is via a standalone subject. None of the engineers surveyed however in that study were chemical engineers. Ferjencik (2007) describe a subject that has been successfully taught in the Czech Republic for many years that covers safety using case studies.
An equally strong argument can be made for integrating chemical engineering safety across the chemical engineering curriculum. Rather than addressing safety in a single subject which is usually taught in either of the last 2 years of an undergraduate degree the safety topics can be covered in subjects from the first to the final semester. While a core of safety material can be taught in a single subject together with other material relating to sustainability, ethics and other professional issues the use of carefully selected case studies allows many of the topics to be addressed in other units.
Safety case studies that present students with the real situations that have occurred that have resulted in either death, injury or at least property loss, are an excellent way to engage students in learning. Case studies include well known incidents that occurred in Bhopal, Flixborough, Longford, Piper Alpha and Texas City.
One method of using case studies in student learning is to present selected case studies in lectures taking time to highlight key points and the chain of events that led to the disasters. This paper describes an alternative approach in which groups of students prepare presentations for delivery to the class, each group looking at a different case study. This approach not only allows students to learn more deeply about one specific case study but it also helps to improve their communication skills.
Section snippets
Background
Safety case studies are included in the two second year subjects taught in the undergraduate chemical engineering programs at the University of Melbourne. These subjects, Chemical Process Analysis 1 and 2, are taught in the first and second semesters respectively of the second year of the Bachelor of Science (Chemical Systems) program. At Melbourne chemical engineering is taught in a 3-year Bachelor of Science degree which is followed by a second-cycle 2-year Master of Engineering (Chemical)
The case studies
A good case study is one which has sufficient detail readily available to allow the students to understand the nature, causes and consequences of the incident. Also, there should be little uncertainty or debate around the circumstances of the event. The case studies have been chosen so that students are able to learn important lessons from the incident. The 27 case studies are summarized in Table 1. As well as drawing examples from the process industries the list also includes case studies from
Student feedback
Three months after completing the oral presentations students were asked for their feedback on the effectiveness of the oral presentations as a vehicle for instruction on process safety. Participation in the survey was voluntary and the responses were anonymous. Using a paper-based survey form students were asked to state the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with a series of statements. On a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 is assigned to the response “Strongly disagree” and 5 is
Concluding remarks
The 27 case studies presented have been successfully used in the an undergraduate chemical engineering subject to not only introduce students to the importance of safety, but also to develop their presentation and general communication skills. The activity described has also been designed to try to develop the students’ willingness and ability to reflect on their performance. The survey conducted with a random group of students who participated in the activity 3 months later showed that they
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