Sequence of child care type and child development: What role does peer exposure play?
Section snippets
Types of child care
Child care and early education settings are generally categorized into one of three main types based on the child's relationship to the caregiver and the setting in which they take place: (1) “informal,” nonparental home-based care, often referred to as family, friend or neighbor care or “kith and kin” care, that is provided in a private home (either the child's or the caregiver's) by a relative or trusted family friend; (2) “formal” family child care that takes place in the caregiver's home
Child care type and child development
Developmental psychology theory and research emphasize the importance of early experiences, including child care, for children's later development (Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 1998, Shonkoff and Phillips, 2000). Research has not identified one “best” type of child care; if high-quality, all child care can foster positive child development. However, several studies have linked more time in center-based care with improved cognitive and language development (Loeb et al., 2004, Loeb et al., 2007,
Exposure to peers
Previous research suggests that the presence of structured educational environments do not explain the differences in quality and child outcomes across child care types (Kontos et al., 1994). Variability in peer exposure, as measured by group size (i.e., number of children in the setting) and child–adult ratio, present another possible explanation for these differences. Infants and toddlers may not be cognitively or socially equipped to adapt to high levels of social stimulation, and large peer
Moderating effects of child and family characteristics
Bioecological theory emphasizes that individuals are agents in their own development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998). In turn, children's background characteristics, including gender, temperament, and family income status, may moderate how the sequence and timing of child care type affect development (Crockenberg, 2003, Maccoby and Lewis, 2003). In one study conducted in child care centers in the Netherlands, boys were more likely to initiate negative interactions in child care than girls (
The current study
Despite the wealth of research on child care and children's development, how the developmental timing of child care type and peer exposure affect school readiness remains unexplored. The present study examined children's sequence of child care type from infancy through the preschool years and their cognitive and social-emotional outcomes at age 4 1/2, kindergarten, and first grade using longitudinal data from the NICHD SECCYD. This study differs from previous research in three main ways. First,
Participants
Participants in the NICHD SECCYD were recruited beginning in 1991 at hospitals at ten sites across the country: Boston, MA; Lawrence, KS; Seattle, WA; Orange County, CA; Little Rock, AR; Pittsburgh, PA; Philadelphia, PA; Morganton, NC; Madison, WI; and Charlottesville, VA. The range of regulations governing child–staff ratios and group sizes in the nine states included in the sample did not differ significantly from those in the other 41 states (NICHD ECCRN, 1999). Sample exclusion criteria
Descriptive results
As shown above in Table 4, there was significant and substantial differences between the children who experienced different child care sequences. Children who attended Continuous Center Care tended to be higher in their families’ birth order and had mothers who held more positive views toward maternal employment and who worked longer averages than those in the other two sequences. In addition, they systematically experienced lower quality child care than the children who followed a Home-Center
Discussion
Over the first 5 years of life, there is a gradual shift from home- to center-based child care (NICHD ECCRN, 2004). Previous research offers some evidence that the small groups characteristic of home-based care may better meet the developmental needs of infants and toddlers, whereas the larger peer groups typical of center care may be more developmentally appropriate for preschool-age children (e.g., Dowsett et al., 2008, Loeb et al., 2004, Loeb et al., 2007). The present study tested (1)
Conclusion
There does not appear to be a single type or sequence of child care that is “optimal” for children's development; rather, effects vary across behavioral, cognitive, and social domains. This study provides some evidence that children who experience nonparental home-based settings during the infant–toddler period and center-based settings after age three exhibit a more positive combination of cognitive and behavioral competence than those in continuous center-based care and those who never attend
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Rachel Dunifon, Mildred Warner, Moncrieff Cochran, the HD writing group, and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. This research was supported by grant #90YE0089 from the Child Care Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and a dissertation grant from the Cornell University College of Human Ecology. The contents are solely the responsibility of the author and do not
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