Original ResearchThe proportion of circulating CD45RO+CD8+ memory T cells is correlated with clinical response in melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab
Introduction
The treatment of metastatic melanoma has changed dramatically with the clinical approval of BRAF and MEK inhibitors [1], [2], [3], [4] and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. Ipilimumab is a non-activating antibody against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed mainly on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and constitutively on regulatory T cells (Tregs) [10]. The interaction with its ligands CD80 and CD86 results in decreased proliferation and tolerance without the death of T cells [11]. Treatment with ipilimumab overcomes this inhibitory effect and leads to an enhanced immune response [12], [13], which may lead to long-lasting responses in about 20% of the patients [5], [14].
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is expressed on T cells, B cells, Tregs and natural killer (NK) cells upon activation [15]. Binding of PD-1 to its ligand reduces the activity of effector T cells and may even lead to their apoptosis. By blocking the interaction, the T cell function may be restored [16], [17], [18]. The anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab block PD-1 and are approved for treatment of metastatic melanoma. Regarding the response rates of 30–40% in patient with metastatic melanoma, both have been shown to be even more effective than ipilimumab [8], [9], [19], [20]. Thus, antibodies against both CTLA-4 and PD-1 lead to activation of T cells resulting at best in an enhanced antitumour response.
So far, some biomarkers for treatment response have been described: increase in the number of CD8+ T cells [21] as well as higher numbers of CD4+ICOS+ T cells (inducible costimulator) have been associated with a favourable clinical outcome [22]. Another group showed an association of low KI67+EOMES+CD8+ T cells with relapse [23]. Antibodies against NY-ESO-1 detected pre- or post-treatment may be associated with clinical efficacy [24]. High serum CTLA-4 levels [25], as well as the increase in absolute lymphocytes and circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been associated with a higher response rate [26]. However, a reliable marker to distinguish non-responders from responders has not yet been established for ipilimumab. Expression of PD-1-ligand in melanoma has been correlated with better response rates to the treatment with anti-PD-1 antibodies and therefore may be useful as predictive marker in future [6]. In this study, we analysed baseline factors including blood counts, clinical factors and subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 30 patients before and during treatment with ipilimumab and pembrolizumab, delineated the phenotype of the relevant cells and correlated it with clinical response.
Section snippets
Patient population and clinical evaluation
Thirty patients with advanced melanoma who were treated at the dermato-oncology unit of the University Hospital of Munich Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Germany, were included in the study (Table 1). The study protocol and the written informed consent for the patients were approved by the institutional ethics committee of the LMU. All patients were informed in detail about the study and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
We evaluated the
Assessment of baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells before ICB
CD8+ memory T cells have been shown to be the main cell type relevant for immune response under immunotherapy in mice [27]. We were therefore interested whether the peripheral amount of CD8+ memory T cells defined as CD45RO+CD8+CD3+ cells was also correlated with the response to ICB in melanoma patients. We assessed the baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells of the PBMCs of 30 patients with metastatic melanoma before the start of the treatment with ICB (Fig. 1A). Twenty-one patients received
Discussion
Several biomarkers for treatment response to ipilimumab have been described, but so far no biomarker was significant enough to be integrated in the clinic routine [23], [26], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]. A high level of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells in metastases has been found to be favourable for the outcome of different tumours [39], [40], [41], [42]. Here, we correlated the baseline levels of the CD45RO+CD8+ T cells of the PBMCs to the response rate to treatment with ICB and observed that normal
Conflict of interest statementt
JKT has received speaker honoraria from MSD, BMS, Roche and Novartis. MVH received speaker honoraria from Roche and MSD. DA, MR, WJM and TR have no conflict of interest. CB has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, GSK, MSD, Novartis and Roche.
Acknowledgements
This study has been supported by a grant of the LMU of Munich.
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