Implementation of an educational real-time platform for relaying automation on smart grids
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The engineering efforts are highly focused on strategies to reach a more reliable and efficient distribution system [1]; as result of these efforts, the research on smart grids offers multiple working fields to integrate modern equipment into the current infrastructure [2]. This enhancing process is coherent with the goals of Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) [3], [4] and the continuous evolution of the research will enable to build the optimal grid of the future. Such challenges have been clearly defined in research and standardization as well: in grid equipment monitoring, fault location [5], isolation [6] and restoration [7], inclusion of renewable energy, electric vehicles, grid reconfiguration [8], adaptive protections, volt and var control, metering, event recording and communications infrastructure [9] are some of the examples of research priorities.
The attempt to improve reliability and power quality involve several applications on the smart grid, which require an important set of protection devices to monitor and control multiple relaying functions. This context has always been a priority in power engineering education [10], [11] and many advances are widely recognized in the last years of modeling [12], simulation [13] and laboratory platforms [14], [15], [16]. In consequence, the teaching approaches of power engineering and protective relaying control has turned into a constant innovative evolution; certainly, the role of digital modeling and simulation is encouraging all the teaching efforts to form a new generation of students, well prepared for the smart grid challenges applications and research. The study reported in this paper, fits a customized platform for general-purpose on relaying automation, based on a hardware/software integration.
The proposed platform, incorporates needs aim to improve the learning curve of students in different areas. An important part of this project lies in the simulation software DSSim-PC [17], a free tool also developed at Universidad de los Andes, based on the powerful EPRI's OpenDSS [18]. As it will be introduced later, the program structure is designed to be scalable, flexible and feasible to be replicated in hardware architectures that follow the platform requirements. These first two features of the proposed test bench generate a low cost for development, which is an important need when applying customized platforms for research and educational solutions. The study presented in this paper is part of two master's thesis and the applications were developed by last semester undergraduate students. This novel integration has been used as a tool for undergraduate thesis, continued education projects, and graduate projects over the past 2 years. A more detailed statistical analysis of the platform's impact of the Electrical Engineering program is presented in Section 5, the results demonstrate the evolution and motivation that this test bench has consequently caused in undergraduate students, not only for academic purposes but also because it approaches them to real applications in their professional careers.
The paper is organized as follows, the proposed platform of hardware and software integration as a real-time hardware-in-the-loop architecture is explained in Section 2; the design, performance and validation strategy is presented as well with a basic case of study. This system evaluates different scenarios and a set of results demonstrates the real time simulation advantages. In Section 4, the platform is assessed under two different applications of adaptive protections and a reconfiguration algorithm to optimize losses. A statistical analysis is presented to evaluate the educational impact of the proposed platform in undergraduate students. Conclusions are given at the end.
Section snippets
Designing a RT-HIL environment
Electrical networks are rapidly evolving into a more complex and smart functionality, so the methodology to analyze them should be improved in the same direction. In the case of protective relaying control techniques as well as in many other areas, the use of modeling and simulation tools combined with an effective hardware/software integration results in a great alternative to understand the smart grid. This section introduces the early attempts to include more realism within teaching
Fault scenario: a basic example
The following case is fully recreated in order to evaluate the platform's performance. A basic case of study is shown in Fig. 4. It is important to mention that the second load LD_2 is 4 times higher than LD_1. The first recloser SW_1 will have an overvoltage protection function on, this IED is identified with the relay BECO 7679 (black relay in Fig. 3); simultaneously, SW_2 will be programmed with a reclosing function with a TCC based on IEC Short-Time Inverse Curve C5 located on the SEL 751A
Adaptive protections
The inclusion of distributed generation (DG) in the future grids is inevitable, and the interaction with dynamic loads introduces a new context in protection coordination. The following case illustrates a basic example which allows the student to understand how complex this problem could be. This part is the result of an undergraduate project.
The case study is shown in Fig. 8a. It basically works with the real-time simulation of different fault current magnitudes. The student should practice
Conclusion
The paper presented an implemented real-time platform, which properly works for educational purposes of relaying control for smart grid applications. This platform is the first test bench based on a hardware–software integration with DSSim-PC; As an interesting improvement, a co-simulation of distribution system models from DSSim-PC interacts with real IEDs and protection devices. This characteristic brings a potential hardware-in-the-loop feature, which is suitable to develop Advanced
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