State of the art
Telestroke: Long-term risk factor management – part II

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Summary

Background

Stroke is a largely preventable acute disease, with a short time window in which damage to the brain can be reduced. Effective long-term risk factor management can reduce the risk of recurrent stroke but secondary prevention measures remain frequently sub-optimally implemented in stroke survivors. Telemedicine and telestroke in particular can deliver important and necessary healthcare services to stroke survivors. Although telemedicine has been utilized mainly in thrombolysis procedures during the acute phase, it can potentially address the remaining stages of the stroke victim's journey following discharge from hospital or the rehabilitation setting. In this article, we will primarily discuss the current data regarding prevention and limitation of acute brain damage resulting from cerebral infarction, but will also consider other growing areas in stroke care where telemedicine has a potential role. This article will therefore examine the use of telestroke in stroke survivors after discharge from hospital, with emphasis on models of care and their applicability.

Methods

With a base of 22 studies originating from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) literature review, we further searched the literature for all articles dealing with stroke and telemedicine in stroke survivors. The results were examined via abstracts and if abstracts were unavailable, full-text versions were sighted. Searches were limited to the period from 1998 to 2009 and no restriction was placed on study designs. Databases searched were Medline EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycInfo and Cochrane. The main subject terms used were telemedicine, telephone, electronic mail, videoconferencing and stroke.

Results

From the primary sources, we found 82 papers in total, of which 72 were retained for examination. In eight studies, the telemedicine focus was not on rehabilitation and six of these were randomized controlled trials (RCT). Telerehabilitation was the focus of 12 other studies, only one being an RCT. A total of 28 studies evaluated a variety of measures in stroke patients. Of the non-rehabilitation telestroke studies involving stroke survivors, these comprised, for example, Internet education, passive case management, videophone-supported education, and nursing outreach telephone support models, among others. There have been 21 other studies (one RCT) describing the application of telestroke in rehabilitation.

Conclusion

There is an urgent need, particularly in rural and underserved areas, to develop long-term management systems in stroke survivors that are both integrated and sustainable. In these more remote areas, the implementation of telemedicine may fill the gap in health care provision created by the high demand on healthcare provider time, the critical shortage of professional health services and geographical distance. The long-term management of risk factors in stroke survivors rests with the primary care physician or other health practitioner. Unfortunately, therapeutic inertia is common at primary care level. To address this, a combination of “hub and spoke” case-management model and linear model could be advantageous. Telestroke may also minimise the inappropriate variations in medical practice.

Résumé

Introduction

L’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) est une pathologie aiguë largement évitable, avec un délai d’action réduit pour limiter les dommages au cerveau. La gestion efficace des facteurs de risque à long terme peut réduire le risque de récidive, mais les mesures de prévention secondaires sont souvent insatisfaisantes chez les victimes d’AVC. La télémédecine et notamment le télé-AVC, peuvent fournir des services de soins de santé importants et nécessaires pour les victimes d’AVC. Bien que la télémédecine s’utilise principalement pour la thrombolyse à la phase aiguë, elle peut potentiellement traiter la phase suivant la sortie de l’hôpital ou de l’établissement de réadaptation de la victime d’AVC. Dans cet article, nous examinons les données actuelles concernant la prévention et la limitation des dommages graves au cerveau découlant d’un infarctus cérébral, mais aussi nous envisageons d’autres domaines de prise en charge de l’AVC où la télémédecine peut jouer un rôle potentiel. Cet article examine donc l’utilisation du télé-AVC chez les victimes d’AVC après la sortie de l’hôpital, en mettant l’accent sur les modèles de soins et de leur applicabilité.

Méthodes

Nous disposions de 22 études provenant de l’analyse documentaire de l’Agence canadienne des médicaments et des technologies de la santé (ACMTS), et nous avons également cherché dans la littérature pour les articles traitant de la télémédecine chez les victimes d’AVC. Les résultats ont été examinés à partir des résumés. Les recherches concernaient la période de 1998 à 2009, sans aucune restriction. Les bases de données consultées étaient Medline EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycInfo et Cochrane. Les principaux termes utilisés étaient la télémédecine, le téléphone, le courrier électronique, la vidéoconférence et l’AVC.

Résultats

Nous avons trouvé 82 articles, dont 72 ont été retenus pour l’examen. Dans huit études, dont six étaient des essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR), l’objet principal n’était pas la télé-rééducation. La télé-rééducation a fait l’objet de 12 autres études, dont une seule est un ECR. Vingt-huit études ont évalué diverses mesures chez les patients atteints d’un AVC. Parmi les études de télé-AVC ne concernant pas la rééducation chez les survivants d’un AVC, celles-ci comprennent notamment les modèles de l’éducation sur Internet, la gestion passive des cas, l’éducation par visioconférence, et un modèle de soutien téléphonique des soins infirmiers. Il existe 21 autres études (dont un ECR) décrivant l’application du télé-AVC en réadaptation.

Conclusion

Il existe un besoin urgent, en particulier dans les zones rurales et mal desservies, de développer des systèmes de gestion à long terme chez les victimes d’AVC qui soient intégrés et durables. Dans ces zones, la mise en œuvre de la télémédecine peut limiter les lacunes dans la prestation des soins de santé créées par la pénurie critique des professionnels de santé et la distance géographique. La gestion à long terme des facteurs de risque chez les victimes d’AVC incombe au médecin traitant ou à un autre professionnel de santé. Malheureusement, l’inertie thérapeutique est commune au niveau des soins primaires. Pour y remédier, une combinaison du modèle « hub and spoke » et du modèle linéaire pourrait être avantageuse. Le télé-AVC peut aussi réduire les variations inappropriées dans la pratique médicale.

Introduction

Stroke is an example of a largely preventable disease that presents acutely, with a short time window in which damage to the organ can be reduced. There is a high risk for residual disability which impacts significantly on society, the patients and their families [1]. Stroke recurrence can lead to a progressive decline into dependency, subsequently placing a significant financial burden on society. In 2008, the indirect and direct costs of stroke in the United States were calculated at $65.5 billion [2].

Eighty-seven percent of strokes are caused by cerebral infarction and are therefore amenable to a number of pre-stroke preventive strategies as well as thrombolytic therapy or intravascular clot retrieval strategies in the acute phase [3], [4], [5]. The second major subtype of stroke, i.e. intracerebral parenchymal hemorrhage, is largely preventable through pre-stroke blood pressure control [6].

In this article, we will primarily discuss the current data regarding prevention and limitation of acute brain damage resulting from cerebral infarction, but will also consider other expanding areas in stroke care where telemedicine has a potential role. This article will therefore examine the use of telestroke in stroke survivors after discharge from hospital, with particular emphasis on developed models of care and their applicability.

Section snippets

The prevalence of recurrent stroke

In stroke survivors, the overall risk of recurrent stroke (fatal or non-fatal) is high (approximately 20% at 5 years [7]). A recent study carried out in Perth, Australia, which aimed to determine the absolute frequency of first recurrent stroke and disability, as well as the relative frequency of recurrent stroke, concluded that over a 10-year follow-up period, the risk of first recurrent stroke is six times higher than the risk of first-ever stroke in the general population of the same age and

Background to telemedicine and telestroke

Telemedicine has been defined, simply, as the delivery of healthcare services to the underserved, employing telecommunication [27]. A more extensive definition is “the process by which electronic, visual and audio communications are used to provide diagnostic and consultation support to practitioners at distant sites, assist in or directly deliver medical care to patients at distant sites, and enhance the skills and knowledge of distant medical care providers” [17]. Telemedicine, as a distance

Future trends and recommendations

There is clearly an urgent need, particularly in rural and underserved areas, to develop long-term management systems in stroke survivors that are both integrated and sustainable, serving all sections of the population, and with particular emphasis on the sustained implementation of best practice risk factor management [14], [18], [24], [69], [70]. In these more remote areas of the world, the implementation of telemedicine may fill the gap in health care provision created by the high demand on

Disclosure of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest concerning this article.

Acknowledgements

The RUN-FC network has been supported and funded by the French Health Ministry. The ICARUSS study is supported by funding from the HCF Health and Medical Research Foundation

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