Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium at 323.15 K and excess molar volumes and refractive indices at 298.15 K for the ternary system propyl vinyl ether + 1-propanol + benzene and its binary sub-systems
Introduction
Alkyl vinyl ethers are increasingly produced as industrial solvents and chemical intermediates in the chemical or pharmaceutical industry. Their relatively high volatility causes significant emissions into the urban atmosphere. Consequently they are oxidized by OH– and NO3 radicals. In order to control the release of these compounds into the environment, physical property and phase equilibrium data are required. However, very few investigations were reported for alkyl vinyl ether compounds and there are no data for propyl vinyl ether (PVE) systems except our previous reports as far as we know [1], [2], [3].
In this work, we report the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 323.15 K for the binary systems PVE (1) + 1-propanol (2), PVE (1) + benzene (2), 1-propanol (1) + benzene (2), and also for the ternary system PVE (1) + 1-propanol (2) + benzene (3) measured by using headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). Densities (ρ) and refractive indices (nD) at 298.15 K for the same binary and ternary systems were also measured by using a digital vibrating tube density meter and a precision digital refractometer. Excess molar volumes (VE) and deviations in molar refractivity (ΔR) were derived from measured densities and refractive indices. The experimental VLE data were correlated with five activity coefficient models: Margules [4], van Laar [5], Wilson [6], NRTL [7] and UNIQUAC [8]. The VE and ΔR data were correlated with the Redlich–Kister polynomial for binary data and the Cibulka equation for ternary data, respectively. The ternary mixture properties are not easily available in the literature, and as far as we know, there are no reported VLE data for the ternary system PVE + 1-propanol + benzene.
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Materials
The chemicals used in this work were supplied from Sigma–Aldrich. They were dried using molecular sieves with a pore diameter of 0.4 nm. The purity of the chemicals was examined by gas chromatography and by comparing the density and refractive index with the literature values. The purity of all the chemicals used was better than 99.9 wt.% as determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The measured densities and refractive indices of the used chemicals are summarized in Table 1 with the literature
Results and discussion
In our VLE measurement method, the equilibrium pressure is calculated from the experimental vapor phase composition and thermodynamic equations [10]. The true liquid mole compositions can be calculated from the vapor phase equilibrium composition and mass balances. The experimental VLE compositions and calculated pressures for the binary systems PVE (1) + 1-propanol (2), PVE (1) + benzene (2) and 1-propanol (1) + benzene (2) at 323.15 K are listed in Table 2 and plotted in Fig. 1.
There is no azeotrope
Conclusions
Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 323.15 K, excess molar volumes (VE) and changes of refractive index (ΔR) at 298.15 K were experimentally determined for each binary and ternary system composed of PVE, 1-propanol and benzene. The binary VLE of 1-propanol + benzene show a minimum boiling azeotrope. The binary and ternary VLE data were correlated well with common GE model equations. Meanwhile, only the system of PVE + 1-propanol shows negative deviations of VE from ideal behavior. ΔR of
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