Measurement and prediction of tie-line data for mixtures of (water + 1-propanol + diisopropyl ether): LLE diagrams as a function of temperature
Introduction
The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) studies of ternary systems including alcohols have been the subject of much interest in recent years [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The recovery of light alcohols such as 1-propanol from aqueous solution using liquid–liquid extraction method is industrially and scientifically important. As the mixture of 1-propanol and water forms a minimum boiling azeotrope [10], LLE data of (water + 1-propanol) with organic solvents are important and needed for the design of an efficient separation operations.
The type of organic solvent is one of the most important factors, which influence the equilibrium characteristics of extraction of 1-propanol from aqueous solutions. Many organic solvents such as heavy alcohols and esters have been used to improve such recovery [10], [11], [12].
In the present work, diisopropyl ether (DIPE) was used as an organic solvent for the determination of LLE data for (water + 1-propanol + DIPE) ternary system. Due to the its low cost, high boiling temperature and very low solubility in water, DIPE has several advantages as a good solvent for recovering 1-propanol from water. Moreover, DIPE has high separation factor value in the ternary mixture. However, so far, relatively few investigations on DIPE + water + alcohol systems have been reported in the literature [13], [14]. Recently, LLE data for the ternary systems of DIPE + water + C1–C4 alcohols at 298.15 K have been measured and correlated by Park and co-workers [15].
The aim of this work is to present the phase behavior of LLE for (water + 1-propanol + DIPE). Three different temperatures (298.2–313.2 K) were chosen to study the ternary equilibrium system in order to observe the change of the tie-lines and equilibrium characteristics. At each temperature, T = (298.2, 308.2 and 318.15) K, the phase compositions were measured. The LLE data were predicted by the UNIFAC (universal functional group activity coefficient) method [16], [17], [18]. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were determined from the tie-line data to establish the extracting capability of the solvent and the possibility of the use of this solvent for the separation of (water + 1-propanol) mixture.
Section snippets
Materials
All chemicals used in this work were obtained from Merck. The purities of DIPE and propyl alcohol are reported by the supplier to be more than 99% and 99.5%, respectively. The purity of these materials was checked by gas chromatography and used without further purification. Distilled and deionized water was used throughout all experiments. The measured physical properties with the literature [19] data are presented in Table 1.
Apparatus and procedure
At each temperature, the individual binodal curves were determined by
Experimental data
The LLE measurements for the ternary system of (water + 1-propanol + DIPE) were determined at three temperatures (298.2, 308.2, and 313.2) K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental and calculated tie-lines at each temperature are listed in Table 2. The same results were plotted and shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3. From the LLE phase diagrams, the system exhibited type 1 phase behavior [21], having only one liquid pair of partially miscible (water + DIPE) and two pairs of completely miscible (water +
Conclusions
LLE data of the ternary system composed of (water + 1-propanol + DIPE) were measured at different temperatures of 298.2–313.2 K. It was observed that the effect of the temperature is one of the most important factors, which influence the equilibrium characteristics of extraction of 1-propanol from aqueous solutions. The influence of temperature effect on the area (shape and size) of the two phase region and tie-lines data was significant over the investigated range.
The equilibrium data of the
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