Azeotrope breaking for the system ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) + ethanol at 313.15 K and excess properties at 298.15 K for mixtures of ETBE and ethanol with phosphonium-based ionic liquids
Highlights
► Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) is considered as a benign gasoline. ► VLE data for the systems {ETBE + ethanol + [P666,14][Cl] or [P666,14][TMPP]}. ► VE and (R for the binary systems {ETBE + [P666,14][Cl] or [P666,14][TMPP]}. ► VE and ΔR showed a negative deviation. ► Ternary VE and ΔR were calculated from the binary data.
Introduction
Recently, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as an entrainer for extractive distillation or salt distillation of azeotropic or close boiling mixtures has become important in industrial separation methods because of their extremely low vapor pressures and thermal stabilities. Additionally, ILs, as substances formed by ions, show a negligible vapor pressure at normal temperature and pressure conditions. Many applications of ILs as “green solvents”, replacing volatile organic compounds, have been reported [1]. Imidazolium-, pyridinium- and pyrrolidinium-based ILs are usually of interest in laboratories as extractive solvents.
Since MTBE (methyl tert butyl ether) was phased out in California, USA, new octane booster gasoline additives have become a focus of research for the refining industry. Some primary alcohols and heavy ethers that have a low solubility in water and some alkylate could be candidates for new octane booster additives. Among the considered compounds, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) is the most plausible candidate. We have studied the phase equilibria and mixture properties systematically for several mixtures of ether compounds and alcohols because of the presence of an azeotrope, the lack of equilibrium and the thermophysical properties of ether compounds [2], [3], [4].
In this work, we report the influence of ILs on the shift of the azeotrope for the system {ETBE + ethanol} using phosphonium-based ILs, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([P666,14][Cl]) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,2,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate ([P666,14][TMPP]). The isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 313.15 K for the systems {ETBE + ethanol}, varying the mole fraction of ILs from 0.05 to 0.10 of [P666,14][Cl] and [P666,14][TMPP], were determined using headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). The experimental ternary VLE data were correlated with the Wilson equation [5]. In addition, we report the mixture properties, excess molar volumes (VE) and deviations in molar refractivity (ΔR) at 298.15 K for the binary systems {ETBE + [P666,14][Cl]}, {ETBE + [P666,14][TMPP]} and {ethanol + [P666,14][TMPP]} by a digital vibrating tube densimeter and a precision digital refractometer. These binary data were correlated with the Redlich–Kister polynomial [6].
Section snippets
Chemicals
Commercial grade ETBE (C6H14O, M = 102.18 g mol−1, CAS-RN 637-92-3, 99.9 wt%), [P666,14][Cl] (C32H68ClP, M = 519.31 g mol−1, CAS-RN 258864-54-9, 97.0 wt%) and [P666,14][TMPP] (C48H102O2P2, M = 773.27 g mol−1, CAS-RN 465527-59-7, 97.0 wt%) were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. Ethanol (C2H6O, M = 46.07 g mol−1, CAS-RN 64-17-5, 99.9 wt%) was supplied by J.T. Baker Chemical Company. ETBE and ethanol had no impurities as determined by gas chromatography, and the purity of the ILs, [P666,14][Cl] and [P666,14
Isothermal VLE
Isothermal VLE for the ternary systems {ETBE + ethanol + [P666,14][Cl]} and {ETBE + ethanol + [P666,14][TMPP]} at 313.15 K were determined and are listed in Table 2, Table 3, where x3 is the mole fraction of [P666,14][Cl] or [P666,14][TMPP] in the liquid phase; is the recalculated liquid phase mole fraction of ETBE as an IL-free basis; y1 and y2 are the mole fraction of ETBE and ethanol in the vapor phase, respectively; and P is the calculated equilibrium pressure. The activity coefficient of each
Conclusions
The isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium data at 313.15 K are reported for the ternary systems {ETBE + ethanol + [P666,14][Cl]} and {ETBE + ethanol + [P666,14][TMPP]} to verify the salting out effect of ILs. The mole fractions of [P666,14][Cl] or [P666,14][TMPP] (x3) were fixed as 0.05 and 0.1. The ionic liquids [P666,14][Cl] and [P666,14][TMPP] were effective in shifting or breaking the azeotropic point because the azeotrope of the binary system disappeared at the ionic liquid concentration of x3 > 0.05.
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