Liquid-liquid equilibria for methyl isobutyl ketone + cresols + water at 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K: Experimental results and data correlation
Introduction
Coal gasification or distillation produces wastewater with highly concentrated phenols, which contains volatile phenols such as phenol and cresols, nonvolatile phenols such as hydroquinone and polyphenols, ammonia, organic acids and other substances. Among these pollutants, cresols are harmful to organism at concentration higher than 250 mg L−1 [1], and may bring long-term adverse effects to the aquatic environment. Cresols are extremely toxic, even more toxic than phenol: e.g. the LD50 (rats oral) of o-, m-, p-cresol and phenol are 121, 242, 207 and 317 mg/kg respectively. They also have higher bio-accumulation potential than phenol as indicated by the octanol-water partition coefficient: e.g. log Kow of o-, m-, p-cresol and phenol are 1.95, 1.96, 1.95 and 1.46 respectively [2]. Thus it is necessary to remove cresols from waste waters before discharging them [3].
Solvent extraction is a frequently used method to treat phenols containing waste water with a range of advantages such as ease of implement, high throughput, versatility and economical efficiency [4]. This method has being used in China [5], South Africa [1], United states [1], [6], etc., for quite a few decades, and the process simulation, operation cost and industrial implementation has been studied thoroughly [7], [8]. Liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) data are essential for designing or optimizing an extraction process [9], [10], [11]. Some LLE data of the ternary solvent-cresol-water systems have been published in recent years. The experimental data for (toluene + o-, m-, p-cresol + water), (ethylbenzene + o-, m-, p-cresol + water), (heptane + o-, m-, p-cresol + water) and (octane + o-, m-, p-cresol + water) systems were measured by Martin et al. [12], [13]. Kupatkin et al. [14] studied the ternary systems, (trimethylcarbinol + o-cresol + water) and (trimethylcarbinol + m-cresol + water) at 298.2 and 323.2 K. The system (methyl butyl ketone + o-, m-, p-cresol + water) at 298.2 and 313.2 K was investigated by Lv et al. [15]. The LLE data of the systems, (2-methoxy-2-methylpropane + o-, m-, p-cresol + water) at 298.15 and 313.15 K were reported by Luo et al. [16], [17], [18].
Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is considered to be an excellent extraction solvent to separate cresols from water with high distribution coefficients, and has been used to treat phenolic waste water in industry [5], [7]. It also has attracted the interest of researchers, with tie line data for the systems, (methyl isobutyl ketone + o- or p-cresol + water), measured at 303.2 K by Telkikar et al. [19]. However, recovering phenols from waste water in industry are usually performed at temperatures above 333 K to avoid clogging the extraction installation by paraffin wax (melting point between 328.15 and 335.15 K) in the industrial efflux [20], while corresponding LLE data in such temperature range remain unknown. Hence it is critical to study solvent extraction of cresols with MIBK above 333 K for designing or optimizing wastewater treatment process in industry.
The LLE data of ternary systems, (methyl isobutyl ketone + o-, m-, p-cresol + water) at (333.15, 343.15 and 353.15) K under 101.3 kPa were measured in this work. The experimental data were correlated by NRTL [21] and UNIQUAC [22] activity coefficient to yield binary interaction parameters.
Section snippets
Materials
The purity and source of chemical reagents in this work are listed in Table 1. These chemicals were used without further purification since their purity had been verified with analysis methods listed in Table 1. Distilled water was used throughout all experiments.
Apparatus and procedure
The experimental LLE data for the ternary systems, MIBK + o, m or p-cresol + water were measured at 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K under 101.3 kPa. Certain amounts of MIBK, o, m or p-cresol, and water were loaded into a 100 mL glass
Experimental LLE data
Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 show the LLE data of ternary systems, MIBK + cresols + water at (333.15, 343.15 and 353.15) K under 101.3 kPa. All concentrations are expressed in mole fraction. The tie-lines data for the studied systems at were plotted in the triangular diagrams as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3.
To estimate the capacity of MIBK to separate cresols from wastewater, the distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S) are calculated as followwhere x21 and x23
Conclusions
The LLE data for the ternary systems, MIBK + o-, m-, p-cresol + water, were measured at 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K under 101.3 kPa. These LLE data indicates MIBK extracts cresols from water with rather high distribution coefficients and selectivities. In addition, MIBK shows better physical properties than other extractants such as MBK (e.g. lower solubility and lower boiling point). All the results indicate MIBK is a very promising extractant to recovery cresols from water above 333 K.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, SCUT (2014ZZ0057) and SCUT (2015ZM046), the Project of the Science & Technology New Star of Pearl River in Guangzhou (2011J2200056), the Guangdong Science Foundation (2014A030310260) and National Science Foundation of China (20906028 and 21506066) are gratefully acknowledged.
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