Density and viscosity of propylene glycol at high temperatures and high pressures
Introduction
A new experimental apparatus [1] for simultaneously measurements of the density and viscosity of liquids and liquid mixtures at high temperatures (from room temperature to 500 K) and at high pressures (up to 250 MPa) was used to accurate measurements of the density and viscosity of propylene glycol. The method is based on combining of two well-known techniques for density (hydrostatic weighing) and viscosity (falling-body)measurements for liquids. Both techniques were combined into the same measuring cell [1]. The details of the construction of the measuring cell, procedure of measurements, and the uncertainty assessment has been detailed described in our previous publication [1]. The method and apparatus was tested and successfully used to accurate measure of the density and viscosity series of pure liquids and liquid mixtures at high temperatures and high pressures [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. In this work we used the same technique and apparatus, without modification, to measure the density and viscosity of propylene glycol at high temperatures from (298–452) K and at high pressures (up to 245 MPa). The measured high-pressure and high-temperature PVT data were used to develop theoretically based Tait-type equation of state (EOS). Also we have developed Arrhenius-Andrade and VFT type theoretically based viscosity correlation model for propylene glycol with pressure depending parameters. The present results are considerably extending the available thermodynamic and transport property database for propylene glycol. This work is a part of a continuing program on the thermodynamic and transport property study of working fluids and fluid mixtures at high temperatures and high pressures.
A survey of the literature reveals that there are very limited data on density of propylene glycol at high temperatures and high pressures. The literature search was based on the TRC/NIST archive [10]. No reported data were found in the literature for the viscosity of propylene glycol under pressure. All previous reported measurements of the viscosity of propylene glycol were made at atmospheric pressure (see below). This work is the first report of viscosity measurements for propylene glycol under high pressures. Existing data cover only limiting range of temperature and pressure, and contain large uncertainties and inconsistencies. Table 1, Table 2 summarize the experimental measurements of the density [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29] and viscosity [12], [13], [16], [17], [19], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32] of liquid propylene glycol reported in the literature. 100 data sources were found in the NIST SOURCED Data Archive for the density of propylene glycol at atmospheric pressure. In Table 1 are listed only 15 selected data sources for the density. Only 6 data sets for the high –pressure PVT data were found in the TRC/NIST Database for propylene glycol. 27 data sources were also found for the viscosity of propylene glycol at atmospheric pressure in TRC/NIST archive. Only selected 16 of them are listed in Table 2. No reported viscosity data of propylene glycol under pressure were found in the literature. Reported density measurements at atmospheric pressure [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29] are cover temperature range from (278–440) K, while at high pressures [11], [15], [18], [21], [26], [28] the measurements were made in the low temperature range (from 273 to 368) K only. Most reported density data at atmospheric pressure [14], [15], [16], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27] were measured using VTD technique with an typical uncertainty of from (1–7) × 10−2 kg m−3 (or within 0.006–0.01%). Pycnometric method of measurements were used in the works [12], [13], [17], [20] with typical uncertainty of (0.01–0.2) %. Most reported viscosity data of propylene glycol at atmospheric pressure were made using capillary method (see Table 2) with an uncertainty of from (0.4–2.0) %. There are only six density data sources [11], [15], [18], [21], [26], [28] for propylene glycol in the liquid phase at high pressures (up to 100 MPa, except the data reported by Bridgman [28], up to 1177 MPa). High-pressure density data reported in Ref. [18] were derived by indirect (speed of sound) measurements. The temperature range of high-pressure density measurements is cover from (278–358) K. Uncertainty of the high-pressure density data is within from (0.02–0.10) %, except the data reported by Bridgman (uncertainty of 0.25%). High pressure density measurements (up to 349 MPa) by Guignon [21] were performed only at one temperature of 288 K. There are some data sources [10], [11], [18], [20] where the authors reported densities and other derived thermodynamic properties of liquid propylene glycol, such as isothermal and isobaric thermal expansion, isothermal compressibility data, etc. All of these density and viscosity data and other derived properties for propylene glycol were used to compare with the present results. As one can see from Table 1, Table 2, the present results for the density and viscosity of propylene glycol are considerably expanding the existing density and viscosity data of currently available database to high temperatures (to 452 K) and high pressures (to 245 MPa). The chief goals of the present study were to expand the existing thermodynamic and transport properties database for propylene glycol and provide new accurate experimental density and viscosity data at high (up to 245 MPa) pressures and high (from 298 to 452 K) temperatures. Another goal of the present work is to develop accurate Tait-type EOS and correlation (VTF model with the pressure dependent parameters) for the viscosity. In our earlier publications we have measured the density and viscosity of ethylene glycol, di- and tri-ethylene glycols [1], [2] and their binary and ternary mixtures using the same method and apparatus.
Section snippets
Materials
Description of the propylene glycol sample is given in Table 3. The sample was supplied by “INEOS Manufacturing Deutschland GmbH (Germany)” with purity of 99.8 mol % (GC). The samples were used without further purifications.
Density and viscosity measurements
Measurements of the density and viscosity of propylene glycol were made using the same apparatus as it was previously employed for ethylene glycol, di- and tri-ethylene glycols [1], [2] and their binary and ternary mixtures. The details of the method and uncertainties of the
Density
Measurements of the density of propylene glycol as a function of temperature and pressure were performed over the temperature range from (298–452) K and at pressures from (0.098–245) MPa. The measured values of density and viscosity for the propylene glycol sample are presented in Table 4. Some selected experimental results for the density of propylene glycol are shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 as projections in the and, planes. As can be note from Fig. 1, at low isobars (below 147 MPa) the
Conclusions
Density and viscosity of liquid propylene glycol have been simultaneously measured over the temperature range from (298–452) K and at pressures up to 245 MPa using the hydrostatic weighing and falling-body techniques. The measurements were performed along six isobars of (0.098, 49.03, 98.06, 147.10, 196.13, and 245.16) MPa as a function of temperature between (298 and 452) K. The measured high-temperature and high-pressure values of density were used to estimate the optimal values of the Tait
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