Elsevier

Fluid Phase Equilibria

Volume 450, 25 October 2017, Pages 99-111
Fluid Phase Equilibria

Density and viscosity of propylene glycol at high temperatures and high pressures

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2017.07.006Get rights and content

Abstract

The density and viscosity of propylene glycol have been simultaneously measured over the temperature range from (298–452) K and at pressures up to 245 MPa using a combined method of hydrostatic weighing and falling-body techniques, respectively. The combined expanded uncertainty of the density, pressure, temperature, and viscosity measurements at the 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2 is estimated to be (0.15–0.30) %, 0.05%, 0.02 K, and (1.5–2.0) %, respectively. The measured high-temperature and high-pressure PVT data for propylene glycol were used to develop theoretically based Tait-type equation of state (EOS). The measured viscosities were used to develop theoretically based viscosity correlation models (Arrhenius-Andrade and VFT type models) with the pressure dependent parameters.

Introduction

A new experimental apparatus [1] for simultaneously measurements of the density and viscosity of liquids and liquid mixtures at high temperatures (from room temperature to 500 K) and at high pressures (up to 250 MPa) was used to accurate measurements of the density and viscosity of propylene glycol. The method is based on combining of two well-known techniques for density (hydrostatic weighing) and viscosity (falling-body)measurements for liquids. Both techniques were combined into the same measuring cell [1]. The details of the construction of the measuring cell, procedure of measurements, and the uncertainty assessment has been detailed described in our previous publication [1]. The method and apparatus was tested and successfully used to accurate measure of the density and viscosity series of pure liquids and liquid mixtures at high temperatures and high pressures [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. In this work we used the same technique and apparatus, without modification, to measure the density and viscosity of propylene glycol at high temperatures from (298–452) K and at high pressures (up to 245 MPa). The measured high-pressure and high-temperature PVT data were used to develop theoretically based Tait-type equation of state (EOS). Also we have developed Arrhenius-Andrade and VFT type theoretically based viscosity correlation model for propylene glycol with pressure depending parameters. The present results are considerably extending the available thermodynamic and transport property database for propylene glycol. This work is a part of a continuing program on the thermodynamic and transport property study of working fluids and fluid mixtures at high temperatures and high pressures.

A survey of the literature reveals that there are very limited data on density of propylene glycol at high temperatures and high pressures. The literature search was based on the TRC/NIST archive [10]. No reported data were found in the literature for the viscosity of propylene glycol under pressure. All previous reported measurements of the viscosity of propylene glycol were made at atmospheric pressure (see below). This work is the first report of viscosity measurements for propylene glycol under high pressures. Existing data cover only limiting range of temperature and pressure, and contain large uncertainties and inconsistencies. Table 1, Table 2 summarize the experimental measurements of the density [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29] and viscosity [12], [13], [16], [17], [19], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32] of liquid propylene glycol reported in the literature. 100 data sources were found in the NIST SOURCED Data Archive for the density of propylene glycol at atmospheric pressure. In Table 1 are listed only 15 selected data sources for the density. Only 6 data sets for the high –pressure PVT data were found in the TRC/NIST Database for propylene glycol. 27 data sources were also found for the viscosity of propylene glycol at atmospheric pressure in TRC/NIST archive. Only selected 16 of them are listed in Table 2. No reported viscosity data of propylene glycol under pressure were found in the literature. Reported density measurements at atmospheric pressure [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29] are cover temperature range from (278–440) K, while at high pressures [11], [15], [18], [21], [26], [28] the measurements were made in the low temperature range (from 273 to 368) K only. Most reported density data at atmospheric pressure [14], [15], [16], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27] were measured using VTD technique with an typical uncertainty of from (1–7) × 10−2 kg m−3 (or within 0.006–0.01%). Pycnometric method of measurements were used in the works [12], [13], [17], [20] with typical uncertainty of (0.01–0.2) %. Most reported viscosity data of propylene glycol at atmospheric pressure were made using capillary method (see Table 2) with an uncertainty of from (0.4–2.0) %. There are only six density data sources [11], [15], [18], [21], [26], [28] for propylene glycol in the liquid phase at high pressures (up to 100 MPa, except the data reported by Bridgman [28], up to 1177 MPa). High-pressure density data reported in Ref. [18] were derived by indirect (speed of sound) measurements. The temperature range of high-pressure density measurements is cover from (278–358) K. Uncertainty of the high-pressure density data is within from (0.02–0.10) %, except the data reported by Bridgman (uncertainty of 0.25%). High pressure density measurements (up to 349 MPa) by Guignon [21] were performed only at one temperature of 288 K. There are some data sources [10], [11], [18], [20] where the authors reported densities and other derived thermodynamic properties of liquid propylene glycol, such as isothermal and isobaric thermal expansion, isothermal compressibility data, etc. All of these density and viscosity data and other derived properties for propylene glycol were used to compare with the present results. As one can see from Table 1, Table 2, the present results for the density and viscosity of propylene glycol are considerably expanding the existing density and viscosity data of currently available database to high temperatures (to 452 K) and high pressures (to 245 MPa). The chief goals of the present study were to expand the existing thermodynamic and transport properties database for propylene glycol and provide new accurate experimental density and viscosity data at high (up to 245 MPa) pressures and high (from 298 to 452 K) temperatures. Another goal of the present work is to develop accurate Tait-type EOS and correlation (VTF model with the pressure dependent parameters) for the viscosity. In our earlier publications we have measured the density and viscosity of ethylene glycol, di- and tri-ethylene glycols [1], [2] and their binary and ternary mixtures using the same method and apparatus.

Section snippets

Materials

Description of the propylene glycol sample is given in Table 3. The sample was supplied by “INEOS Manufacturing Deutschland GmbH (Germany)” with purity of 99.8 mol % (GC). The samples were used without further purifications.

Density and viscosity measurements

Measurements of the density and viscosity of propylene glycol were made using the same apparatus as it was previously employed for ethylene glycol, di- and tri-ethylene glycols [1], [2] and their binary and ternary mixtures. The details of the method and uncertainties of the

Density

Measurements of the density of propylene glycol as a function of temperature and pressure were performed over the temperature range from (298–452) K and at pressures from (0.098–245) MPa. The measured values of density and viscosity for the propylene glycol sample are presented in Table 4. Some selected experimental results for the density of propylene glycol are shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 as projections in theρT andρP, planes. As can be note from Fig. 1, at low isobars (below 147 MPa) the

Conclusions

Density and viscosity of liquid propylene glycol have been simultaneously measured over the temperature range from (298–452) K and at pressures up to 245 MPa using the hydrostatic weighing and falling-body techniques. The measurements were performed along six isobars of (0.098, 49.03, 98.06, 147.10, 196.13, and 245.16) MPa as a function of temperature between (298 and 452) K. The measured high-temperature and high-pressure values of density were used to estimate the optimal values of the Tait

References (116)

  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2011)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2012)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    J. Mol. Liq.

    (2014)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    ThermochimicaActa

    (2014)
  • K.M. Idriss-Ali et al.

    Radiat. Phys. Chem.

    (1984)
  • H. Geyer et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2000)
  • H. Geyer et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2001)
  • J.B. Parsa et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2008)
  • D.M. Bajic et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2013)
  • D.M. Bajic et al.

    Thermochim. Acta

    (2013)
  • M.L. Kijevcanin et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2013)
  • H. Zarei et al.

    J. Mol. Liq.

    (2013)
  • M. Atilhan et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2013)
  • I.S. Khattab et al.

    Arab. J. Chem.

    (2017)
  • A.K. Nain

    J. Mol. Liq.

    (2008)
  • J. Safarov et al.

    J. Mol. Liq.

    (2017)
  • H. Machida et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2008)
  • M.J. Dávila et al.

    Green Chem.

    (2007)
  • J.H. Dymond et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (1988)
  • H.J. Albert et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (1985)
  • T. Hofman et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2008)
  • A. Heintz

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2005)
  • Y.A. Sanmamed et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2007)
  • K.N. Marsh et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2004)
  • I.M. Abdulagatov et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2008)
  • I.M. Abdulagatov et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2008)
  • G. Watson et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2006)
  • I.M. Abdulagatov et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2006)
  • I.M. Abdulagatov et al.

    ThermochimicaActa

    (2005)
  • I.M. Abdulagatov et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2006)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    Int. J. Thermophys.

    (2013)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    High. Temp. - High. Press.

    (2013)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (2014)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    High. Temp. - High. Press.

    (2016)
  • D.I. Sagdeev et al.

    J. Sol. Chem.

    (2017)
  • M. Frenkel et al.

    Jeong Won Kang: NIST ThermoDataEngine, NIST Standard Reference Database 103b-pure Compound, Binary Mixtures, and Chemical Reactions, Version 5.0

    (2010)
  • S.D. Hamann et al.

    Aust. J. Chem.

    (1971)
  • M. Saleh et al.

    Phys. Chem. Liq.

    (1999)
  • J. George et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (2003)
  • T. Sun et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (2004)
  • E. Zorebski et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (2008)
  • C.-Y. Tsai et al.

    J. Chem. Thermodyn.

    (2000)
  • B. Guignon et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (2010)
  • E.M. Ẑivković et al.

    Fluid Phase Equilib.

    (2014)
  • P.W. Bridgman

    Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci.

    (1932)
  • L.H. Thomas et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (1979)
  • J. Jadzyn et al.

    J. Chem. Eng. Data

    (2002)
  • E.W. Lemmon et al.

    NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties, REFPROP, Version 9.0, Standard Reference Data Program

    (2010)
  • E.K. Michailidou et al.

    J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data

    (2013)
  • E.K. Michailidou et al.

    J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data

    (2014)
  • Cited by (29)

    • Density, viscosity, and saturated vapour pressure of 3-chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene and 3-chloro-2-fluoronitrobenzene

      2021, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics
      Citation Excerpt :

      Although 3-chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene and 3-chloro-2-fluoronitrobenzene have been used in various fields for many years, limited information regarding their thermochemical properties could be found in the literature, and no correspond reports from the NIST standard database. The exactly thermodynamic properties of pure component are critical in the simulation and design for the chemical separation process [8,9]. Accordingly, this work is mainly focused on investigating density and viscosity of the two pure components of 3-chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene and 3-chloro-2-fluoronitrobenzene within the range of 318.15 K to 348.15 K at the local atmospheric pressure of 99.7 kPa.

    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text