Full Length ArticleInfluence of pressure and temperature on key physicochemical properties of corn stover-derived biochar
Introduction
Global warming is of worldwide concern and related to the anthropogenically enhanced concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Previous studies have highlighted the positive effect of adding biochar to soil in terms of reducing such emissions to the atmosphere [1], [2]. Biochar can be produced by several thermochemical processes as conventional or slow pyrolysis which has been used to generate charcoal for many years [3], [4].
The production of biochar from corn stover appears to be a very promising alternative to integrate carbon sequestration measures and renewable energy generation into conventional agricultural production. Corn stover is the waste remaining in the field following the harvest of the grains. The corn production in Spain is about 4700 thousand tons per year [5]. Considering a waste yield of 0.65 (dry basis) and an average moisture content of 20 wt.% [6], [7], around 2440 thousand tons of corn stover are harvested per year in Spain.
Despite the fact that pyrolysis of biomass from agricultural or forest residues has been widely studied [3], [8], further research is strongly needed to fill the knowledge gaps related to how the operating conditions and feedstock affect the properties of biochar [9]. Typical operating conditions are the peak temperature, pressure, gas residence time, heating rate, atmosphere type, etc.
So far, very few studies have investigated how the operating conditions of pyrolysis influence the physicochemical properties of the corn stover-derived biochar. Fuertes et al. [10] reported that the biochar from corn stover pyrolysis at a peak temperature of 550 °C was highly aromatic and had low H:C and O:C molar ratios (0.3 and 0.1, respectively). It was also reported by Enders et al. that both the H:C and O:C molar ratios decreased (from 0.9 to 0.4 and from 0.3 to 0.1, respectively) as the peak temperature was increased from 300 to 600 °C [11]. Furthermore, and as observed for other types of biomass, the efficiency of carbonization was improved for large particles as compared with small, which led to charcoals with higher fixed-carbon contents [12]. This trend was related to the major role of the secondary charring reactions that occurred at the intra-particle level, which is highly relevant to industrial processes as it can contribute to saving costs in milling.
Previous investigations focused on producing charcoal from different lignocellulosic biomass have shown benefits of increasing the pressure used when it comes to both the charcoal and fixed-carbon yields [13], [14], [15], [16]. The authors of those studies attributed this pressure effect to the enhanced kinetics of the secondary reactions of repolymerization and recondensation of the volatile matter during its contact with the solid matrix. However, this improvement in carbonization efficiency, as previously was stated by Manyà et al. [17], can also be related to an increase in the gas residence time within the pyrolysis reactor. In other words, the intrinsic effect of the pressure should be evaluated keeping constant the gas residence time of the inert carrier gas within the reactor.
The major goal of this study is to provide evidence on how the stability-related properties of the corn stover-derived biochars depend on both the temperature (pyrolysis peak temperature) and absolute pressure at a constant gas residence time. The effect on additional process variables, as for example the product distribution and the pyrolysis gas composition, was also investigated.
Section snippets
Materials
The used corn stover (CS) contained corncob (15.5 wt.%), leaf (4.3 wt.%) and stalk (80.2 wt.%) that remained in the field following the harvest of cereal grain. It was supplied by a local farm located in the Spanish region of Aragón. The as-received CS was pyrolyzed without any previous crushing and sieving step. In this way, the thermochemical conversion of this agricultural waste can be performed in a more cost-effective manner. The ranges of particle size for each fraction were: 1.5–10.0 cm long
Product yields
The total mass balances between in- and output corn stover closed at values greater than 95%, with no apparent losses other than those occurring during normal lab scale processing (feeding, sampling, and collecting). The response variables related to the product yields and gas composition mentioned in Section 2.3 were evaluated. The main results obtained and the statistical analyses from the factorial design of experiments are shown in Table 3, Table 4, respectively.
As expected, results from
Conclusions
Based on the results from the present study, the following conclusions are drawn:
- (1)
In addition to the expected effects of the peak temperature on the product distribution from the pyrolysis, an increase in the operating pressure led to a higher production of gas at the expense of water. This could be explained by two concurrent reasons: (i) enhanced contributions from cross-linking reactions due to increased vapor pressures of volatiles and (ii) a contribution from the steam-char gasification
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the Spanish MINECO-DGI (Project ENE2013-47880-C3-1-R). JJM also express his gratitude to the Aragon Government (GPT group) and the European Social Fund for additional financial support.
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