Referent body weight values in over ground walking, over ground jogging, treadmill jogging, and elliptical exercise
Section snippets
Methods
Seventy-five healthy adults participated in the study. Participants were randomly selected and each test was conducted on a different day. Exclusion criteria included pain in the hip, knee, ankle and foot during testing or surgery in these anatomical locations less than two years previously. Different subjects participated in each of the four conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between the cohort groups with respect to age or body weight. Twenty-one participated in the
Results
The principal finding of this study was that weight-bearing was significantly reduced during EE as compared to the other tested weight-bearing activities (p < 0.001). The APBW values and the WBDP of the four tested activities are represented in Table 2. The hind: fore foot APBW and stance: swing phase value ratios are displayed in Table 3. The main effect statistic for the one-way ANOVA is presented in Table 4. There were significant differences in the APBW values between all the six pair-wise
Discussion
When analyzing the results of Table 2, OGJ was the only activity in which the APBW values exceeded 100% on all areas of the foot. The fore foot APBW values for OGW, OGJ and TJ all exceeded 100%. This may be explained by the fact that the push-off force exerted by the fore foot on the ground during the transfer from mid-stance through heel-off results in pressure that includes not only the body weight itself, but additional pressure that ensures successful forward propulsion. This fact must be
Study limitations
The study could have been expanded upon, including further measurements relating to ground reaction forces at comparable workloads, including oxygen uptakes as well as a biomechanics study involving kinematic and kinetic analyses. Additional data related to actual speeds (or equivalent cycles on the elliptical trainer) could also have been attained. These parameters however could not be included in the scope of this study. These may form part of a future study protocol.
Inconsistencies in the
Conclusions
This is the first study to evaluate and compare the referent APBW values and WBDP between four popular sporting activities. EE significantly reduces weight-bearing in both the hind and fore foot as compared to three other common functional and sporting activities. These findings may now assist the rehabilitation team when considering returning individuals back to early activity following certain bony or soft tissue pathologies, as well as lower-limb surgical procedures. This information is also
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest and do not have any financial disclosures.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mrs Tali Bdolah, MSc, Senior statistician, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, for her assistance with the statistical analysis, as well as Mrs Sari Goldstein-Diament BSc, for her editing assistance in preparing this manuscript.
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