Application of boolean logic and GIS for determining suitable locations for Temporary Disaster Waste Management Sites
Introduction
The frequency and severity of disasters have increased recently because of climate change and the sharp rise in population levels [1], [2]. Every year, hundreds of natural disasters occur throughout the world and cause billions of dollar's damage. During the last 10 years, there were 3906 disasters in total, resulting in 0.75 million lives being lost and 1.68 billion people were affected (Data source: EM-DAT1). The damage cost from these events was estimated to be 1284.9 US$ billion scaled to 2014 (Data source: EM-DAT). Improved disaster management can reduce losses from disasters and shorten recovery time [3].
Waste management is one of the most important activities in disaster management. A substantial amount of waste is typically generated from disasters [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The waste generated from affected communities can be as high as 5–15 times the normal annual rate [5]. In addition, the clearance, removal and disposal of waste from disasters is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive [10]. In some cases, the disposal of disaster waste can last up to 5 years [5]. Furthermore, waste treatment can account for around 27% of disaster management costs [11]. Therefore, disaster waste management plans are essential for disaster response and recovery.
A primary objective of disaster waste management is to clean-up waste from original sites as soon as possible. In order to achieve this goal, FEMA [11] recommended having Temporary Disaster Waste Management Sites (TDWMS) between waste generation sites and final disposal sites. TDWMS play multiple roles within the whole system. Firstly, they can provide a buffer and space by hauling waste from the disaster affected community to the TDWMS. Secondly, operations such as chipping, burning, and sorting can be done at the TDWMS to reduce the amount of waste as well as preparing for recycling and reuse. Finally, they can act as temporary storage places before the final disposal of waste [12]. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina [13], 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake [14], and 2010 Canterbury and 2011 Christchurch Earthquakes [15], TDWMS provided storage and separation services. However, in the 2003 Cedar and Paradise fire [16], TDWMS only served as temporary storage sites. The benefits of TDWMS include speeding up the cleaning of waste from original sites, improving the flow of disaster recovery activities, and providing a buffer for appropriately sorting, burning, and recycling waste [12]. As a result, the selection of TDWMSs is a necessary part of disaster planning and preparation [17].
Selecting TDWMS is a difficult process that contains a large number of constraints and is usually conducted during the post-disaster response and recovery phases which are generally when resources are seriously stressed. Thus, developing a pre-disaster method to identify TDWMS candidates under necessary constraints would make an important contribution to disaster waste management planning [17]. In addition, pre-disaster identification of candidate TDWMS is significant for all phases of disaster management. For example, it can ensure that respective advanced readiness contracts are in place during the preparedness phase. Furthermore, pre-disaster identification of candidate TDWMS can help to model, test, and evaluate disaster waste management scenarios which are aimed at modifying identified shortfalls [18]. Last but not least, having candidate TDWMS available in advance provides jurisdictions with additional time to develop diversion strategies and programs to handle disaster waste [19].
The most important element in the process of selecting candidate TDWMS is to identify the criteria that should be considered. Table 1 summarises the criteria for selecting candidate TDWMS from the disaster waste management guidelines in different regions. According to this summary, criteria can be classified into three categories: ownership, size, and location. For the ownership criterion, it is suggested that it is better to use public land which costs less to rent. However, when it is not available, private land can be taken into consideration with some defined criteria. In terms of size, it is important to choose sites that are large enough for waste treatment and storage. Thus, factors such as waste generation, site operations, and length of storage should be considered in this criterion. When it comes to location, a number of factors should be included. For instance, the location of candidate TDWMS cannot impede the flow of traffic along major transportation corridors, disrupt local business operations, or cause dangerous conditions in residential neighbourhoods or schools. Also, if possible, candidate TDWMS should not be located near residential areas, schools, churches, hospitals, and other such sensitive areas. In addition, sites should have good ingress/egress and have access to major routes as well.
Section snippets
Literature review
Determining the location of waste management facilities using land suitability assessment has been the focus of almost 50 published articles. According to these articles, criteria identification, criteria weighting, criteria map layers standardisation, and criteria map layers overlaying are the four main steps. Typically the first step is to identify criteria included in the assessment. A wide range of criteria have been considered in previous studies. Fig. 1 presents a frequency analysis of
Case study area
This section showcases the processes of identifying suitable sites for locating candidate TDWMS for bushfires in Victoria, Australia. The type of disaster was chosen because Victoria has had a long history of catastrophic bushfires, and there have been about 30 serious bushfires in the State's history that either taken people's lives or burned a significant amount of land. In the past 35 years, there have been two extremely damaging bushfire events in Victoria, the ‘Ash Wednesday’ fires of
Euclidean distance analysis
Fig. 7 shows criteria analysis maps after applying the Euclidean Distance and Mask tools. The map layers of criteria C1–C4 and C5–C8 are based on distance analysis while the layer of C5 is based on the original layer. The results layers can act as input for factor standardisation using either fuzzy logic or Boolean logic.
Reclass analysis
Fig. 8 presents the results of reclassification of different criteria which indicate the suitability of land under each criterion. A value of 1 means that the land is suitable
Conclusion
The present study summarized literature related to land suitability assessment for waste management facilities siting. Four major steps were identified as the routine processes to conduct the assessment, namely, criteria identification, criteria weighting, criteria map layers standardisation, and criteria map layers overlay. In addition, AHP, ANP, fuzzy logic, Boolean logic, and GIS are tools frequently used to facilitate the assessment.
This study is different from related ones in a several
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety (CDMPS) at The University of Melbourne.
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