An energy-saving fuzzy control system for highway tunnel lighting
Introduction
In recent years, highway construction is flourishing and gaining global attentions, which greatly benefits people’s transportation and life [1]. Tunnels are special parts of highways because there are brightness differences between a tunnel interior and exterior [2]. In order to ensure the traffic safety and avoid the “black hole effect” and “white hole effect” [3] (the tunnel entrance appears to be a black hole and the tunnel exit appears to be a white hole), traditional highway tunnel lighting systems operate continuously (24 h a day and 365 days a year). However, energy waste is ubiquitous in these lighting systems because all tunnel lamps will be lit up regardless of the existence of vehicles and the changes of daylight, which can lead to a serious overlighting problem. Therefore, it is very significant to design an energy-efficient highway tunnel lighting control system under the premise of ensuring safety driving.
In response to this challenge, a wide range of researchers and experts are exploring all kinds of intelligent control system for highway tunnel lighting. Wang et al. [4] designed a kind of intelligent LED lighting system based on STC89C52 microcomputer. They realized light intensity control and infrared detection but ignored the analysis of experimental results. Lu et al. [5] adopted solar LED lighting technology to realize tunnel basic lighting and emergency lighting. Nevertheless, the solar tracking device and optical fiber lighting system were relatively expensive. Xu et al. [6] used DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) to develop a tunnel LED lighting control system. Their control system not only ensured operation safety of the tunnel, but also achieved remote and stepless dimming control. However, they only presented a small tunnel simulated model which may not be suitable for practical applications. Carni et al. [7] proposed a smart control method to automatically operate and tune the tunnel interior luminance according to the input signals of the external luminance, the climatic condition and the traffic intensity. Although the method can save energy to some extent, the uniformity and continuity of luminance in tunnels seemed poor, and the specifications of tunnel lighting cannot be satisfied. Yang et al. [8] proposed a fuzzy control method for tunnel lighting control system. The simulation results showed that the fuzzy system had a notable energy-saving effect and nice adaptability. However, their focus was on MATLAB simulation, while the method should be implemented in a real tunnel lighting system to analyze the effect of energy-saving. Qin et al. [9] proposed a “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” energy-saving control system based on incremental PID method. Although they contributed to energy conservation, they did not illustrate their proposed control mechanism and algorithm process in detail.
In this paper, we propose an enery-saving fuzzy control system for highway tunnel lighting. By using an adaptive fuzzy control strategy, the tunnel interior luminance is adjusted along with the changes of tunnel exterior environmental luminance, traffic volume and vehicle speed, which meets the basic requirements of tunnel lighting, avoids the “black hole effect” and “white hole effect” [3], and reduces the energy consumption significantly.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the architecture of the proposed system. Section 3 describes the design of fuzzy controller for tunnel lighting. Section 4 evaluates the experimental results. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
Section snippets
Architecture of the proposed system
According to “Guidelines for Design of Lighting of Highway Tunnels (China)” (JTG/T D70/2-01-2014), the highway tunnel is divided into threshold zone, transition zone, interior zone and exit zone, as shown in Fig. 1.
In order to make sure that drivers can gradually adapt to the tunnel interior environment and avoid the “black hole effect” an “white hole effect” [3], the tunnel is divided into seven zones with different levels of required luminance, as shown in Table 1.
The architecture of the
Design of fuzzy controller for highway tunnel lighting
According to “JTG/T D70/2-01-2014” and features of deployment area, the is set as 0.035 and is set as 3500 in original tunnel lighting system. However, the should not be a constant because and are variables, and is dynamical and even less than 3500 in most of the daytime. Hence, original system causes an overlighting problem and wastes a lot of electricity energy. In order to solve this problem, a fuzzy control model for highway tunnel lighting is designed.
Results and discussion
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of energy-saving, the proposed system was implemented at the Duan tunnel of Guangxi Province in China since January 2018. As shown in Fig. 9, a STM32-based luminance sensor was designed and deployed in different zones of tunnel. While the ARM embedded system and smart electricity meters were installed in electricity cabinet, as shown in Fig. 10.
From 10 to 15 January 2018, the tunnel lighting system was controlled by original control method. But from 16 to
Conclusion
This paper presents an energy-saving fuzzy control system for highway tunnel lighting based on IoT technology. Fuzzy control method is adopted to realize energy-saving by adjusting tunnel interior luminance according to real-time tunnel exterior environmental luminance, traffic volume and vehicle speed. The Duan tunnel, located at Guangxi Province of China, is used as the study case. The operation results from 16 to 20 January 2018 indicate that the proposed system has good adaptability to
Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61673190/F030101), and self-determined research funds of CCNU from the colleges’ basic research and operation of MOE (CCNU 18TS042).
References (11)
- et al.
Influence of dynamic highway tunnel lighting environmental on driving safety based on eye movement parameters of the driver
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2017) An optimal model for tunnel lighting control systems
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2015)- et al.
Design of intelligent LED lighting systems based on STC89C52 microcomputer
Optik
(2018) - et al.
Application of fuzzy control method in a tunnel lighting system
Math. Comput. Model.
(2011) - et al.
A “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” energy-saving control system of highway tunnel lighting
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2017)
Cited by (32)
Experimental study on obstacle visibility and driving safety in lighting environment of road tunnel interior zone
2024, Tunnelling and Underground Space TechnologyDynamic driving risk in highway tunnel groups based on pupillary oscillations
2024, Accident Analysis and PreventionImproving driving safety in freeway tunnels: A field study of linear visual guiding facilities
2024, Tunnelling and Underground Space TechnologyTransmittance optimization of tunnel shading shed for maximum energy savings and traffic safety: When replacing tunnel lighting in threshold zone
2024, Tunnelling and Underground Space TechnologyA survey of fire accidents during the process of highway tunnel operation in China from 2010 to 2021: Characteristics and countermeasures
2023, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology