Lysosomal degradation of Leishmania hexose and inositol transporters is regulated in a stage-, nutrient- and ubiquitin-dependent manner
Graphical abstract
Highlights
āŗ Non-dividing Leishmania mexicana promastigote and amastigote stages exhibit low rates of hexose and myo-inositol uptake. āŗ Decreased hexose and myo-inositol uptake in these stages is associated with the internalisation and/or redirection of polytopic membrane transporters to the lysosome. āŗ Mono-ubiquitination of nutrient transporters redirects these polytopic proteins to the lysosome for degradation.
Introduction
Leishmania parasites have a digenetic life cycle, alternating between flagellated promastigote stages that reside within the midgut of the sandfly vector and obligate intracellular amastigote stages that proliferate within the phagolysosomal compartment of mammalian macrophages. Both developmental stages appear to be dependent on the uptake and utilisation of glucose and other hexoses for growth (Hart and Coombs, 1982). Promastigote stages initially have access to high concentrations of glucose in the sandfly mid-gut as the bloodmeal is digested, while at later stages of infection they may have access to the sucrose-rich honeydews that the sandfly feeds upon intermittently between bloodmeals (Schlein, 1986, Schlein and Jacobson, 2001). Carbohydrate catabolism is likely to be required for the rapid expansion of the promastigote population within the midgut and the anterior migration of these stages to the foregut. Conversely, the depletion of hexose and other carbon sources in the sandfly digestive tract triggers the differentiation of dividing promastigote stages to non-dividing metacyclic promastigotes that are pre-adapted for life in the mammalian host. While less is known about the nutrient composition of the macrophage phagolysosome, recent studies suggest that this compartment is relatively sugar poor (Rubin-Bejerano et al., 2003, Naderer and McConville, 2008). However, intracellular amastigotes are still dependent on hexose uptake, suggesting that de novo hexose synthesis via gluconeogenesis is insufficient to supply all the hexose needs of this stage (Burchmore et al., 2003, Rodriguez-Contreras and Landfear, 2006, Rodriguez-Contreras et al., 2007).
A number of studies have shown that hexose uptake is developmentally regulated in all human pathogenic species of Leishmania. Specifically, hexose uptake is maximal in rapidly dividing promastigote stages and decreases in axenically generated and lesion-derived amastigotes (Hart and Coombs, 1982, Burchmore and Hart, 1995). Hexose uptake in both stages is mediated by broad specificity facilitative transporters in the plasma membrane (Burchmore et al., 2003). Leishmania mexicana express two high affinity hexose transporters, LmGT2 and LmGT3, that are targeted to the plasma membrane and a low affinity transporter, LmGT1, that is targeted to the flagellum (Burchmore et al., 2003). A fourth hexose transporter has recently been identified that is up-regulated in a suppressor strain of L. mexicana that lacks LmGT1ā3 (Feng et al., 2009). While levels of LmGT2 mRNA decrease in amastigote stages, LmGT3 is constitutively transcribed in all developmental stages (Burchmore and Landfear, 1998), suggesting that the stage-specific regulation of hexose uptake is regulated by additional mechanisms.
Leishmania viability is also dependent on the uptake or de novo synthesis of myo-inositol, which is required for phospholipid and glycolipid biosynthesis (Ilg, 2002). The Leishmania donovani myo-inositol/proton co-transporter (MIT) was identified based on its homology to the two Sachharomyces cerevisiae inositol transporters, ITR1 and ITR2 (Langford et al., 1992, Drew et al., 1995, Klamo et al., 1996, Mongan et al., 2004). MIT contains several highly conserved residues and motifs from the sugar transporter superfamily that are essential for function (Seyfang et al., 1997, Seyfang and Landfear, 2000). MIT is constitutively transcribed in promastigotes and amastigotes and MIT mRNA is neither induced nor repressed in response to large fluctuations in extracellular inositol concentrations (Langford et al., 1992, Drew et al., 1995). However, glucose and myo-inositol uptake increases in response to long-term adaptation to a lack of either of these nutrients (Seyfang and Landfear, 1999), suggesting that the post-translational regulation of these transporters may be important, although the response time for increased uptake activity and the underlying mechanisms involved in enhanced nutrient uptake have not been investigated.
In this study we have investigated the role of nutrient transporter trafficking in regulating hexose uptake in Leishmania parasites. We provide evidence that the intracellular trafficking and surface localisation of both hexose and myo-inositol transporters are dynamically regulated by levels of expression, developmental changes in parasite growth and fluctuations in extracellular nutrient levels. Moreover, we provide evidence that the lysosomal transport and degradation of these transporters can be modulated by mono-ubiquitination.
Section snippets
Cell culture
Leishmania mexicana wild-type (WT) promastiogtes (strain M379) and mutant promastigotes lacking LmGT1, LmGT2 and LmGT3 (ĪGT) were cultivated at 27Ā Ā°C in RPMI containing 10% heat inactivated FBS. Axenic amastigotes (AA) were generated as previously described with minor modifications (Bates et al., 1992, Bates, 1994). Briefly, stationary promastigote (SP) stages were harvested and resuspended in RPMI supplemented with 20% iFBS, pH 5.5 (final density 1ā2Ā ĆĀ 106 cells/ml) and cultured continually at 33Ā
Stage-specific regulation of glucose uptake
Consistent with previous studies we found that rates of glucose uptake were maximal in logarithmically dividing promastigotes (LP), and progressively decreased in stationary promastigote (SP) and axenic amastigote (AA) stages (Fig. 1A). Glucose uptake in AA was approximately 10-fold less than in LP after normalisation to cellular protein content (Fig. 1A). To investigate the extent to which this stage-specific regulation of glucose uptake was regulated at the level of protein expression and
Discussion
Leishmania parasites scavenge a wide range of carbon sources and essential low molecular weight nutrients from their respective sandfly and mammalian hosts. Despite increasing evidence that the uptake of different metabolites is regulated in a stage- and nutrient-dependent manner in various organisms, comparatively little is known about the regulation of nutrient uptake in these highly divergent eukaryotes. In contrast to the situation in many prokaryote and single cell eukaryotes, there is
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Dayana Rodriguez-Contreras for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). M.J.M. is a NHMRC Principal Research Fellow. J.E.V. was funded by an Australian Postgraduate Award and a NHMRC CJ Martin fellowship.
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