The relationship between RAPD markers and quantitative traits of caraway (Carum carvi L.)
Highlights
► In this study we analyzed relationship between RAPD markers and traits of caraway. ► We find markers closely linked to genes that determine various traits. ► We conclude that selected markers may be important diagnostic tool in breeding selection.
Introduction
Caraway (Carum carvi L.) is widely cultivated all over the world and its fruit (Carvi fructus), as a raw material, is mentioned in many European and the U.S. pharmacopoeias. Caraway fruits affect on digestive system by improving digestion and appetite, have carminative and spasmolytic effects and promote milk secretion (Foster and Duke, 1990). Ground caraway fruits are used as a component of teas and herbal mixtures. Caraway essential oil has medium antibacterial activity (Sadowska and Obidoska, 1998, Toxopeus and Bouwmeester, 1993) by inhibiting development of the following bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and also growth of yeast and moulds (Youself and Tawil, 1980). Antibacterial properties of caraway oil are used in medicine, food conservation and cosmetic production (Dachler, 1998). Zheng et al. (1992) mentioned about anticancer activity of caraway oil.
There is a great variability among (and in) different caraway populations and cultivars. The variability is estimated based on morphological and yielding traits, essential oil content and its composition (Seidler-Łożykowska and Bocianowski, 2012). Most of the valuable caraway traits is genetically determined (Heine, 1998, Németh, 1998, Roon and Bleijenberg, 1964, Šmirous and Kocourková, 2006, Toxopeus et al., 1995, Toxopeus and Lubberts, 1998). The main aims of caraway breeding programs are raw material yield and quality, also better resistance to abiotic and biotic stress.
There are many alternative analytical methods used to determine content of active substances: image analysis (Franke et al., 1996), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) (Sedlàkova et al., 2003), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Fehrmann et al., 1996) or FT-Raman spectroscopy (Seidler-Łożykowska et al., 2010).
More often, the molecular genetics tools are used in breeding programs. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is an effective and powerful method for determining interspecific genetic variation. RAPD has the capacity to generate markers that span the genome without prior knowledge of their sequence (Irzykowska and Bocianowski, 2008). This technique has been applied to a wide range of organisms. There are some medicinal plants which variability was tested by polymorphic markers: St. John's wort, marjoram, artichoke, sweet basil, chamomile (Arnholdt-Schmitt, 2002, Eckelmann, 2002, Klöcke et al., 2002, Messmer et al., 2002, Osińska, 2004, Wetzel et al., 2002). There is no bibliography regarding molecular markers analysis of caraway, although there are a lot of papers about other species of Apiaceae family (Daucus carota L.) (Barański et al., 2004, Bradeen et al., 2002, Grzebelus et al., 2001, Grzebelus et al., 2002).
The aim of this research was finding the molecular markers associated with 22 quantitative traits of caraway. Observations of all traits of the selected populations and cultivars were compared with their DNA profiles to see if any relationships existed.
Section snippets
Plant material
Material for the study covered caraway collection consisted of 22 genotypes: 12 populations from botanical gardens of: Cambridge (GBR), Lillehammer (NOR), Geneva (CHE), Glasgow (GBR), Żalec (POL), Arhus (DEN), Strasburg (AUT), Nancy (FRA), Rouen (FRA), Klagenfurt (AUT), Berno (CHE), Padwa (ITA), cultivars: ‘Rekord’ (CZE), ‘Trojica’ (SLO). Moreover, cultivar ‘Kończewicki’ (POL) was represented by three strains: 2, 6, 7, and five new breeding strains, which were obtained in the Institute of
Results
Analysis of variance indicated that the main effects of genotype, year as well as genotype × year interaction were significant for all the traits of study. The differences between the years were large, therefore the association analyses between molecular markers and observed traits were made separately for years.
Significant associations of 44 markers with at least one trait in 2004 as well as 48 in 2005 were found on the basis of regression analysis (Table 2). The different number of significant
Discussion
Several molecular markers associated with morphological traits, content of essential oil and oil components were found using statistical analysis. Some of these markers influenced on more than two examined traits, which can be well understood considering the polygenic background of the investigated traits.
In our research, 13 RAPD markers, which were repeated in both years of analysis, are the most promising markers for future breeding program. RAPD markers GS-8 1030 bp and GS-41 1200 bp are
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