Structural and compositional changes in sugarcane bagasse subjected to hydrothermal and organosolv pretreatments and their impacts on enzymatic hydrolysis
Introduction
Dwindling reserves of fossil fuels and growing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts are increasingly encouraging the use of renewable resources and the development of alternative feedstocks for biofuel production worldwide. In Brazil, bioethanol production is still largely based on sugarcane juice fermentation. However, sugarcane bagasse, which is the residue from the milling process, is an energy-rich structure, containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin (Soccol et al., 2010). The use of agricultural residues from the first-generation ethanol production, such as sugarcane bagasse and leaves, can contribute to the complete utilization of the raw material in the integrated biorefineries (Dias et al., 2012). Processing of lignocellulosic feedstock to ethanol usually involves four major unit operations: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation (Taherzadeh and Karimi, 2007), but these processes are still not fully efficient and should be optimized.
The sugarcane bagasse is mainly composed of tridimensional structural networks of cellulose intertwined by hemicelluloses and lignin (Rezende et al., 2011). Lignin is a phenolic, branched, and hydrophobic structure, highly resistant to degradation, that unproductively adsorbs enzymes and hinders cellulose accessibility during enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass (Achyuthan et al., 2010; Zhang and Lynd, 2004). Therefore, lignin content and distribution are recognized as important factors determining cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic depolymerization (Paul, 2014). Because of this, different pretreatments are normally applied prior to enzymatic hydrolysis step in order to unstructure the cell walls and to partially remove hemicellulose and lignin. Pretreatments provide fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, thus decreasing its recalcitrance and resulting in better yields of monomeric fermentable sugars released by the enzymatic hydrolysis step (Himmel et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2009; Taherzadeh and Karimi, 2007). Currently, enzymatic hydrolysis is the most widely used method for bioethanol production, since it is a specific and environmentally friendly process, that can be run at low temperatures and does not produce by-products that may inhibit the subsequent fermentation step (Himmel et al., 2007; Sheehan and Himmel, 1999; Wingren et al., 2005). On the other hand, enzymes are expensive and contribute to the relatively high costs of the second-generation ethanol.
A choice of a particular pretreatment is important, because different pretreatments have different mechanisms of action that will affect the cell wall structure, the chemical species to be released and the inhibitory co-products to be generated (Himmel et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2009; Soccol et al., 2010). Organosolv pretreatment efficiently removes lignin from the lignocellulosic materials through the partial hydrolysis of lignin bonds. It decreases the lignin content in the cell wall by breaking α-aryl ether and arylglycerol-β-aryl ether (βO4) bonds of lignin macromolecule (Nakagame et al., 2011; Sarkanen et al., 1981), imparting significant changes in the lignin structure, including increases in phenolic groups, and decreases the average molecular weight of the lignin (Gilarranz et al., 2000). This pretreatment could be more expensive than some others pretreatment processes, but can provide lignin-derived value-added products that might contribute to the economical viability of organosolv pretreatment in the context of the integrated biorefineries. Hydrothermal treatment has lower costs and reduced environmental impacts (Brodeur et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2014). This pretreatment only utilizes water at high temperatures, which mainly results in hemicelluloses solubilization and structural modifications of the biomass that lead to enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrothermal pretreatment temperatures (typically ranging from 160 °C to 240 °C) and the biomass residence time will determine the types and the amount of sugars being released from the biomass (Yu et al., 2010). Hydrothermal pretreatment relies on autohydrolysis, which makes use of acetic acid liberated from hemicellulose’s acetyl groups to catalyze the breakdown of polysaccharides into shorter chain oligosaccharides and simple sugars (Roos et al., 2009; Tunc and Van Heiningen, 2011). The hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials involves mostly solubilization of hemicelluloses, and also extractives, sugars and small fragments of lignin (Vázquez et al., 2005; Xing et al., 2011).
In this study the effects of two different pretreatments (organosolv and hydrothermal), applied independently and/or sequentially, to the sugarcane bagasse samples were analysed, aiming to find conditions and pretreatment combinations that lead to more efficient enzymatic hydrolysis. A comprehensive set of physical techniques combined with chemical composition analyses was applied to reveal the chemical and structural changes induced by the pretreatments in the sugarcane bagasse and their impacts on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. Insights into untreated and preteated biomass structure and composition, combined with the experimentally measured enzymatic hydrolysis yields, provide a unique opportunity for better comprehension of the impact of pretreatment-induced changes taking place in sugarcane bagasse samples on efficiencies of their enzymatic hydrolysis.
Section snippets
Material
Sugarcane bagasse from the last milling step for juice extraction was provided by the Cosan Group (Usina da Serra/Ibaté, São Paulo, Brazil). This material was milled using knife mill and rinsed with hot water (50 °C). Next, bagasse was dried in the oven at 60 °C for 24 h. Prior to each experiment, the moisture content was measured using an analytical balance (Shimadzu; Kyoto, Japan). All the analyses and measurements described in this work were performed with the same batch of samples.
Bagasse pretreatments
Sugarcane
Pretreatment and chemical characterization
The content of the main components of bagasse samples before and after the pretreatments are given in Table 1. Table 1 shows that the hydrothermal pretreatments at 160 °C at all the reaction times (from 1 to 60 min) have little effect on the lignin fraction of the bagasse samples. Its concentration was approximately constant under the applied conditions of hydrothermal pretreatment. There was, however, a moderate solubilization of hemicellulose (a maximum decrease of ca. 3.8% in the total
Conclusions
By using the arsenal of the physical techniques and chemical composition analyses, it was possible to reveal structural modifications and chemical composition changes caused by the hydrothermal and organosolv pretreatments in the sugarcane bagasse samples. Combined biomass physical structure studies using FESEM, CLSM, FLIM, ssNMR and LC-based chemical composition analyses conducted in this work confirm that under the applied conditions, the organosolv pretreatment efficiently removed lignin
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank LME/LNNano/CNPEM for the technical support during the electron microscopy work, EMBRAPA Instrumentação for the technical support during nuclear resonance magnetic work and CAPES. This research was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) via grants 10/52362-5 and 15/13684-0 and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) via grants 140667/2015-6, 158752/2015-5, 405191/2015-4, 303988/2016-9,
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