Original articleWhat's Keeping Teenagers Up? Prebedtime Behaviors and Actigraphy-Assessed Sleep Over School and Vacation
Section snippets
Technology-related prebedtime behaviors
Technology-related PBBs are consistently associated with shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality. More time spent watching television, using the Internet, and computer gaming are associated with later BT and shorter time in bed on weekdays and later RT on weekends [8]. Relevant to sleep are the location and timing of technology use. Compared with adolescents without bedroom access to this technology, those with access in bedrooms use these devices more and have later BT and shorter total
Participants
This study aimed to recruit a community sample of adolescents attending Years 10, 11, and 12 in schools in Melbourne, Australia. As described in the procedures, no exclusion criteria were applied at the time of recruitment.
Actigraphy
Actigraphy is widely used to study sleep/wake patterns in adolescents [23], providing objective estimates of sleep duration and quality close to PSG [24]. This study used comparable models of Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch-64 (Mini Mitter, Bend, OR) [25]. Data were collected with
Sample characteristics
A total of 146 participants (47.3% male, age M ± SD = 16.2 ± 1.0 years) were recruited (65.1% Caucasian, 26.7% Asian). A small proportion of participants self-reported a depressive, anxiety, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (6.16%) or sleep conditions such as insomnia and bruxism (11.64%; see further details in [22]). These participants were not excluded to maintain the representativeness of a community sample. Three females were excluded from analysis, one due to the presence of
Discussion
Adolescents engaged in a variety of technology and nontechnology-related PBBs during school and vacation periods. During School, video games were associated with later BT and shorter TST, whereas time with family was associated with earlier BT and longer TST. During Vacation, video games were associated with later BT, whereas online social media was associated with longer SOL, and this relationship was partially mediated by higher PSAcog.
Acknowledgments
There is no off-label or investigational use in this study.
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Conflicts of Interest: The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.