Croatian Appoxiomenos alloy composition and lead provenance study
Introduction
A bronze statue of the athlete with a strigil – the Apoxiomenos – was discovered in 1996 at the depth of 45 m in North Adriatic close to the island of Lošinj, and initially left on the seabed. At the end of 1998 the finding was reported to the Croatian government which organized vast archaeological investigation in the area. The statue was complete, and the majority of its surface was covered with a layer of corrosion products (atacamite, paratacamite, tenorite, cuprite, cerussite, cotunite) and substantial quantities of calcareous encrustations (Michelucci, 2006). As it was seen in 1999, when the statue was recovered from the sea, these calcareous encrustations protected the bronze from the electrochemical deterioration. However, the back of the statue, which was buried in the sand, was to a large extent corroded. The restoration and conservation process started immediately with the slow desalinization procedure that was performed in the collaboration of the Croatian Conservation Institute (HRZ) from Zagreb and Opificio delle Pietre Dure (OPD) from Florence. Desalinization was first carried out in a pool of tap water, and later in mildly alkaline water. After desalinization process the statue was fixed in a hexagonal cage and encrustations were removed solely by mechanical means (scalpels, needles, micro-chisels and ultrasound probes) totally respecting the original patina which was preserved on the front and on head of the statue. The restoration process was completed in 2005 when the statue was exhibited for the first time in Zagreb.
During the restoration process, comprehensive investigations of the statue by many physical and chemical methods were performed by OPD and HRZ as well as other partners (Michelucci, 2006). Two of the results obtained during these investigations are particularly important for the present study: 14C dating and alloy analyses. The dating was performed by AMS on three samples of organic material (wood and peach stone) that were found inside of the body of the statue. Radiocarbon age of these samples was found to be between 1840 and 1970 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated date between 100 BC and 250 AD with 68% probability (Michelucci, 2006). Alloy analysis was done on a number of samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma/Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP/AES) and Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) on corroded and non-corroded samples. ICP/AES analysis made mainly on corroded samples gave high lead concentrations (10–20%), while SEM/EDS analysis of non-corroded samples showed much smaller lead concentrations in the range between 1.3 and 3.9% (Michelucci, 2006). Based on the 14C dating results and the comparison of the casting technology with the Youth of Salamis and on the Hypnos in the Shelby White collection which indicated unambiguously roman techniques (Saladino in Michelucci, 2006), the Roman date for the statue has been assumed.
In order to clarify lead concentration levels in bronze of the statue, we performed additional detailed analysis of bronze composition by three independent X-ray based analytical techniques, including portable XRF spectrometry, external beam (in-air) PIXE and micro-PIXE in combination with the proton microprobe.
Lead isotope analysis was performed by MC-ICP-MS in order to identify the source of the lead minerals used by the comparison with the existing databases of lead isotope ratios for the lead ores from the known ancient lead mines.
Section snippets
The athlete cleaning a strigil – historical significance of a statue
The Croatian Apoxyomenos (Fig. 1), is an athlete who has just completed his bout or his exercise and is shown at a moment of relaxation when he is totally intent on cleaning his body. This might perhaps be the depiction of a winner, or just of a general personification of ‘the athlete’.
In ancient Greece athletes would scrape the layer of oil, sand and sweat off their bodies with the strigil (Gr. stlengis, Lat. strigilus) after exercising or competing. The procedure of scraping the body (Gr.
Samples
Samples taken from the sculpture (shown on Fig. 2, and described in Table 1) were mostly crystallized formations with corrosion products. They were taken from the sculpture during the conservation–restoration work with micro mechanical tools, and later selected with a stereo microscope for MC-ICP-MS analysis. It was not possible to take metal samples from the surface because of the historical and artistic importance of the sculpture. Therefore, the samples were taken from accessible locations
Elemental composition
There was a large variation in the composition of different spots on the surface of the statue of Apoxiomenos measured using the portable XRF instrument. Copper, lead and tin concentrations were measured at 70 spots. In overall, concentration of copper ranged between 40 and 85%, lead ranged between 5 and 40%, while tin concentration ranged between 9 and 15%. Large differences in element concentrations even on positions that were only few centimeters apart, indicated that such measurements can't
Conclusions
It has to be admitted that the non-destructive X-ray spectrometry techniques, used in this case for elemental analysis were not representative of the bulk alloy of the statue. Both XRF and in-air PIXE analysis showed very high variations of alloy composition (Cu from 40 to 85%, Pb from 5 to 40% and Sn from 9 to 15%) on the surface of the statue. Microprobe PIXE measurements done on alloy cross-sections showed that electrochemical changes made to relative quantities of lead and copper are most
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