Comparative Effectiveness Research/Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Implementations
Single-patient (n-of-1) trials: a pragmatic clinical decision methodology for patient-centered comparative effectiveness research

This study was presented at the Fourth DEcIDE Symposium on Comparative Effectiveness Research Methods: From Efficacy to Effectiveness; June 12–13, 2012; Rockville, MD.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.04.006Get rights and content
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Abstract

Objective

To raise awareness among clinicians and epidemiologists that single-patient (n-of-1) trials are potentially useful for informing personalized treatment decisions for patients with chronic conditions.

Study Design and Setting

We reviewed the clinical and statistical literature on methods and applications of single-patient trials and then critically evaluated the needs for further methodological developments.

Results

Existing literature reports application of 2,154 single-patient trials in 108 studies for diverse clinical conditions; various recent commentaries advocate for wider application of such trials in clinical decision making. Preliminary evidence from several recent pilot acceptability studies suggests that single-patient trials have the potential for widespread acceptance by patients and clinicians as an effective modality for increasing the therapeutic precision. Bayesian and adaptive statistical methods hold promise for increasing the informational yield of single-patient trials while reducing participant burden, but are not widely used. Personalized applications of single-patient trials can be enhanced through further development and application of methodologies on adaptive trial design, stopping rules, network meta-analysis, washout methods, and methods for communicating trial findings to patients and clinicians.

Conclusions

Single-patient trials may be poised to emerge as an important part of the methodological armamentarium for comparative effectiveness research and patient-centered outcomes research. By permitting direct estimation of individual treatment effects, they can facilitate finely graded individualized care, enhance therapeutic precision, improve patient outcomes, and reduce costs.

Keywords

Adaptive trial
Bayesian method
Borrow from strength
Carryover effect
Crossover trial
Sequential trial
Washout

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Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article.