Vapour pressures and heat capacity measurements on the C7–C9 secondary aliphatic alcohols
Introduction
The relationship between the structure of organic compounds and their energetics is one of the fundamental problems of contemporary thermochemistry. The quantitative evaluation of substituent effects in terms of enthalpy of formation or enthalpy of vaporization is one of the possible approaches to the general problem of elucidating how the individual parts of a molecule influence each other. In our previous work, we studied in this context linear [1] and branched tertiary alcohols [2], [3]. This work continues this line and is concerned with systematic determination of vaporization enthalpies of secondary 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-alkanols with chain length of seven, eight, and nine atoms. There are only vaporization enthalpies of secondary butanol, pentanol, and hexanol derivatives available in the literature [3], [4], [5]. However, these are short chain alcohols and the general question: is there any enthalpic effect by migration of the hydroxyl group along the alkyl chain – could be answered only after measurements on the other longer (C7–C9) secondary alkanols. Some experimental results on vapour pressures are already available in the literature [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]. Two experimental methods, ebulliometric and static, were most frequently used (see table 1). In this work, we applied a transpiration method [1]. Static and transpiration methods work in the temperature ranges close to ambient temperatures. Ebulliometric methods due to high boiling temperatures of alcohols were applied at elevated temperatures (from 320 K up to boiling temperatures). In any case, in order to derive enthalpies of vaporization of alcohols at the reference temperature 298.15 K, the knowledge of the heat capacities are required. These values were measured with help of DSC and applied for the adjusting of experimental results to the reference temperature T = 298.15 K.
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Materials
Samples of secondary aliphatic alcohols were commercially available from Aldrich and Fluka and were further purified by fractional distillation in vacuum. The degree of purity was controlled using a Hewlett–Packard gas chromatograph 5890 Series II equipped with a flame ionisation detector and a Hewlett–Packard 3390A integrator. The carrier gas (nitrogen) flow was 7.2 dm3 · h−1. A capillary column HP-5 (stationary phase cross linked 5% Ph Me silicone) was used with a column length of 30 m, an inside
Results and discussion
Temperature dependences of vapour pressures of secondary alcohols are reported in table 2. However, except for references [6], [9], [13], authors did not calculate enthalpies of vaporization from their results. This is the reason we have also treated original experimental results available from the literature [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] using equations (2), (3) and calculated (298.15 K) for comparison with our results. The collection of the available experimental results and
Conclusion
This investigation was undertaken to establish a consistent set of vapour pressures and vaporization enthalpies of secondary C5–C9 alkanols in the temperature range possibly close to the ambient temperatures. We collected from the literature a large number of the primary experimental results on temperature dependences of vapour pressures, treated them uniformly in order to derive vaporization enthalpies at the reference temperature 298.15 K, and checked the experimental results for the internal
Acknowledgement
S.V. acknowledges gratefully a financial support from the Research Training Group “New Methods for Sustainability in Catalysis and Technique” of German Science Foundation (DFG).
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