Densities and viscosities of binary and ternary mixtures of cyclohexanone, 1,4-dioxane and isooctane from T = (288.15 to 313.15) K
Graphical abstract
For binary and ternary mixtures of the following liquids the densities and viscosities have been determined at several temperatures and over the entire range of composition. Also the Δη and excess molar volumes for binary mixtures determined and have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. The interaction parameters, G12 in the Grunberg–Nissan equation have been found to be negative for all binary mixtures which indicates decreasing the interaction between unlike molecules.
Highlights
► Experimental data for viscosity and density of binary and ternary mixtures reported. ► The considered solvents are Cyclohexanone, 1,4-Dioxane and Isooctane. ► Temperature ranges from 288.15 to 313.15 K and entire range of composition is considered. ► G12, in Grunberg–Nissan equation was negative in all binary mixtures at all temperatures. ► VE and Δη for binary mixtures have been fitted to Redlich–Kister equation.
Introduction
Mixtures of solvents are often used in chemistry to modify molecular environment in order to modulate processes such as chromatographic separation, organic synthesis, and reaction kinetics and protein folding [1]. In industrial practice, viscosities of solutions (meaning homogeneous products of dissolution of solids or gases in liquids) and fluid mixtures (meaning homogeneous mixtures resulting out of mixing of two or more fluids) are often needed for the design of the different unit operations and processes involved. In order to get information about the interaction about solvent molecules, physical properties of binary mixtures, such as viscosity are often studied.
While it will be ideal to measure the viscosities of the solutions and mixtures at the conditions of interest, constraints on the availability of time, facilities and expertise, often force the designer to use an estimated value. There are many methods available in the literature for the estimation of the viscosity of solutions and mixtures [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
For estimating thermodynamic excess properties (excess volume, excess enthalpy, and excess free energy) of multicomponent solutions, there are proposed semi-empirical equations [8], [9], [10]. There are also a number of equations and methods for evaluating deviation of thermodynamic properties in multicomponent systems, such as Redlich–Kister equation [11], for binary systems and Cibulka [12], Singh [13], Nagata and Sakura [14] equations, for ternary systems.
In this work, to continue and extend our previous studies [15], [16] of interactions in liquid mixtures, we focus on the viscosity and volumetric measurements of the binary and ternary mixtures of cyclohexanone, 1,4-dioxane and isooctane at T = 288.15 K to 313.15 K and over the whole composition range for the liquid region and at ambient pressure. Cyclohexanone is useful in organic synthesis and used as precursor to Nylon 6.6 [17]. Dioxane is used as a stabilizer for trichloroethane for storage and transport [18] and isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is the standard for 100 points on the octane rating scale, it is an important component of gasoline which used in large proportions to increase the knock resistance of the fuel [19].
This type of study is important because the viscosity of liquids mixtures provide information that is required to solve chemical engineering problems related to heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid flow.
The work will provide a test of the Grunberg and Nissan [20] interaction model correlating the kinematic viscosities of binary liquid mixtures with mole fractions. Viscosity deviations and the excess molar volumes of the binary mixtures were correlated using the Redlich–Kister’s equation and the fitting parameters are calculated.
Section snippets
Materials
Extra pure cyclohexanone (mass fraction purity > 0.99 Merck), 1,4-dioxane, (mass fraction purity > 0.99 Merck), and isooctane (mass fraction purity > 0.995 Merck) were used. The purities of all the chemicals were checked by gas Chromatography using a semi capillary methyl silicon column (outer diameter 530 μm). The solvents were degassed by ultrasound and dried over molecular sieves (Sigma Union Carbide, 0.4 nm). See table 1a.
Apparatus and procedures
The mixtures for the measurement of densities and viscosities were prepared
Results and discussion
TABLE 1, TABLE 2 list the experimental kinematic viscosities and densities of the three pure solvents and their 27 binary and 33 ternary mixtures, along with their compositions expressed as mole fractions (xi), at different temperatures. As can be seen in table 1, the agreement between our reported values and the literature for pure components is well. The viscosity deviations, Δη, for binary and ternary mixtures were determined using the equation:where ηmix is the viscosity
Conclusions
In this work, experimental values of density and viscosity for the systems (cyclohexanone + isooctane), (1,4-dioxane + isooctane), (cyclohexanone + 1,4-dioxane) from T = 288.15 K to 313.15 K were reported. The viscosity deviations and excess molar volumes for binary solutions were correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation, and appropriate coefficients were determined. The interaction parameter, G12 of the Grunberg–Nissan equation, for binary mixtures were negative over the entire range of composition
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful from financial support of Razi University.
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