Tie line data for the (water + butyric acid + n-butyl alcohol or amyl alcohol) at T = (298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K and (water + butyric acid + isoamyl alcohol) at T = 298.2 K
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Butyric acid (butanoic acid, BA) is a straight-chain monocarboxylic acid with the chemical formula It is a colourless, water-soluble liquid with a strong unpleasant smell melting at T = 265.3 K. This acid is an important chemical that has a wide range of applications in various industries such as chemical, food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries [1]. This acid is mainly produced by biomass fermentation or chemical and petrochemical synthetic methods [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. Thus, future purification is required and the extraction of this acid from water is an important problem.
Precise (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data are essential for efficient separation of the carboxylic acid such as BA from aqueous solutions [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. In an earlier report, (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the ternary system consisting of BA with a hydrocarbon have been measured and predicted by Leung and Badakhshan [18]. Subsequently, equilibrium data for the similar systems with various organic solvent have been reported by several researchers [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]. Several chemicals with different chemical and physical characteristics have been used as organic solvents in the liquid phase equilibrium measurements. Kırbaşlar et al. [28], and Bilgin et al. [29], [30] have presented valuable equilibrium data for ternary systems consisting of water, BA, and heavy alcohols. However, further studies in this field are still important issue and needed for various industrial and scientific purposes.
Further equilibrium data for the aqueous solutions of BA with various organic solvents have been reported in our previous publications [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]. We present here the solubility and tie-line results for ternary systems consisting of water, BA and two primary alcohols (i.e. n-butyl alcohol and amyl alcohol) at T = (298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K. Due to the structural similarity, in this study the system consisting of water, BA, and isoamyl alcohol was also studied at T = 298.2 K for comparison. To the best of our knowledge, the LLE data of the (water + BA + n-butyl alcohol or amyl alcohol) ternary systems have not been reported in the available literature. The tie line data for (water + BA + isoamyl alcohol) have already been measured and predicted by Bilgin et al. [29]. Their LLE data were then compared with those measured and correlated in this study.
From the tie-line results, experimental distribution coefficients and separation factors were determined for the immiscibility region. The quality of the experimental tie-line data was determined by the Othmer–Tobias [36] and the Hand [37] correlation equations. The experimental tie-line data were correlated using the UNIQUAC and the NRTL [38], [39], [40] models in order to obtain the binary interaction parameters.
Section snippets
Material
The chemicals; n-butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, and butyric acid (mass fraction purity > 0.99) were purchased from Merck. Isoamyl alcohol (mass fraction purity > 0.985) was obtained from Sigma. The stated purity of the materials was checked on the basis of their refractive indices and densities. Deionised and redistilled water with an electrical conductivity less than 5 μS · cm−1 at T = 298.2 K was used throughout all experiments. All materials were used as received without any further purification. The
Experimental LLE data
Experimental tie line data for the (water + BA + n-butyl alcohol or amyl alcohol) ternary systems were determined within the temperature range (298.2 to 318.2) K with intervals of 10 K and p = 101.3 kPa. The LLE data for the studied ternary systems consisting of the linear primary alcohols at each temperature are listed in (Supplementary data table 3a). The corresponding triangular phase diagrams for these ternary systems at various temperatures are plotted in FIGURE 3, FIGURE 4, FIGURE 5. The tie-line
Conclusions
Solubility and tie line data were experimentally determined for the ternary systems of (water + BA + n-butyl alcohol or amyl alcohol) at T = (298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K and (water + BA + isoamyl alcohol) at T = 298.2 K and p = 101.3 kPa. The systems studied exhibit type-1 behaviour of the LLE, where the only one liquid pair (water + alcohol) is partially miscible. The UNIQUAC and NRTL () models were used to correlate the experimental tie-line data and the corresponding binary interaction parameters were
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