Excess molar volume and excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow for the binary mixtures of N-ethylpyridinium dicyanamide [C2py][DCA] with alcohols
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed of organic cations and inorganic or organic anions, which have melting points below 373 K. ILs are solvents with possible applications in several fields in many fields such as chemical fields [1], [2], pharmaceutical science [3] and electrochemistry [4] because of their peculiar properties such as non-volatility, non-flammability and high thermal conductivity [5]. In the past few years, much work focus on physic-chemical properties of pure ILs. To expand the potential application of ILs, study on mixture systems about ionic liquids have attracted more and more attention from industry and academic community. Fletcher et al. suggested that mixing different ILs in appropriate proportions may have better properties than those of the pure compounds [6]. For example, the presence of water and other solvents in ILs will influence on their thermophysical properties such as catalytic performance [7] and enhancement of CO2 capture [8]. Hence, the knowledge of mixtures of ILs and other solvents is essential from both the scientific and the utilitarian point of view. To the best of our knowledge, densities and viscosity for mixtures of [C2py][DCA] with ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol have not been reported in the literature. As our continuous work [9], [10], [11], the followings were reported in this work: (1) Density and viscosity for binary mixtures [C2py][DCA] with ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol were measured over the entire composition range at T = (288.15–318.15) K interval 5 K and the excess molar volumes VE were calculated and discussed; (2) A new concept – the relative viscosity of mixture, ηr, was put forward and a new equation of excess Gibbs energy, ΔG≠E, of activation for viscous flow of mixture was derived on the basis of the new concept; (3) The values of ΔG≠E of mixtures {[C2py][DCA]+alcohol} were calculated by the equation of ΔG≠E and fitted by Redlich–Kister equation; (4) In terms of Redlich–Kister parameters, the values of ΔG≠E of mixtures {[C2py][DCA]+alcohol} were estimated; (5) In order to prove the reliability of the equation of ΔG≠E derived on the new concept, the data of mixtures {[HDBU]IM + H2O}, {[BDBU]IM + H2O} [12] and {[Mim]Ac + alcohols} [13] in the literature were processed by the method proposed in this work.
Section snippets
Chemicals
Distilled deionized water with a conductance of (0.8–1.2) × 104S·m−1 was used in all experiments. The sources and purities of all other chemicals are listed in Table S1 in Supporting Information. The actual degree of purified pyridine, 1-bromoethane and ethyl acetate was evaluated by using gas chromatography analysis (an Aglient GC-6820 equipped with an FID detector). The values obtained by this test were: 0.999 for purified for pyridine, 0.999 for purified 1-bromoethane and 0.999 for ethyl
Results and discussion
The density and viscosity of alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) were measured in this work at T = (288.15–318.15) K and p = 0.1 MPa and compared with those in the literature [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34] in Table S2. The percent absolute relative deviations (ARD%) are calculated by the following equation [35], [36]:where Pexpt represents density or viscosity of
Conclusions
The density and viscosity for binary mixtures of [C2py][DCA] with ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol were measured over the whole composition range at T = (288.15–318.15) K. The excess molar volumes, VE, were calculated and well fitted by a Redlich–Kister equation. The calculated values of VE are negative indicates a stronger interaction between the ion and the alcohol molecule in the mixtures. The VE values are quite related to the alcohol chain length, which increases with the increasing alcohol
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21673107) and Liaoning Excellent Talents in University (LR2015025), Peoples Republic of China.
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