Solubility and mixing thermodynamic properties of levamisole hydrochloride in twelve pure solvents at various temperatures
Introduction
Levamisole hydrochloride (CAS Registry No. 16595-80-5) is a white crystalline powder, which chemical structure is presented in Fig. 1. Its molecular formula and molar mass are C11H12N2S.ClH and 240.75 g·mol−1, respectively. Levamisole hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum, highly effective, low toxic nematode repellent and it is effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in many animals. The industrial products of levamisole hydrochloride always have some problems, such as low purity, poor crystallization habits and low yield, these problems directly affect the efficacy of levamisole hydrochloride. In order to solve the problems mentioned above, solution crystallization process is the preferred option. Therefore, the experimental solubility data of levamisole hydrochloride is significant for its purification process.
As mentioned above, the main aim of this study is to extend the experimental solubility database of levamisole hydrochloride, and to evaluate the solution thermodynamic behavior of levamisole hydrochloride in the studied solvents. Specifically speaking, the contents of our present study are to (1) measure the experimental solubility data of levamisole hydrochloride in (MT, ET, NPA, IPA, NBA, IBA, SBA, NPT, IAA and NHA) from (283.15 to 323.15) K, DMSO from (293.15 to 333.15) K and water from (283.15 to 308.15) K; (2) use the Yaws model equation, NRTL model equation, UNIQUAC model equation, Wilson model equation and λh equation to correlate the solubility data of levamisole hydrochloride; (3) evaluate the thermodynamic properties for the mixing process of levamisole hydrochloride in the studied solvents. Meanwhile, the melting properties of levamisole hydrochloride was obtained by the technology of thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis. Furthermore, the power X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data of levamisole hydrochloride used in this work was collected to evaluate the possible polymorphic transition. This work can give fundamental data for the crystallization and purification of levamisole hydrochloride.
Section snippets
Materials
The experimental raw levamisole hydrochloride (0.99 mass fraction purity, lot number: K1214026) used in this work was supplied by Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. of china, the mass fraction purity of levamisole hydrochloride was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent-1100, USA). In the present study, all the organic solvents, including MT, ET, NPA, IPA, NBA, IBA, SBA, NPT, IAA, NHA and DMSO, were used as received without further purification and the
TG-DSC analysis
From the DSC scan result of levamisole hydrochloride presented in Fig. 2, the TG and DSC curves were obtained between 350 and 600 K. Levamisole hydrochloride was stable without obvious mass loss when the temperature below 503 K, and the onset melt temperature (Tonset) of the raw sample was 499.15 K and then there was about 0.48% loss of mass in the TG curve. When the temperature reached at 503 K and then the loss of mass was about 0.82%, which indicated that the melting process was accompanied
Conclusion
The solubility of levamisole hydrochloride in methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol, n-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and n-hexanol from (283.15 to 323.15) K, dimethyl sulfoxide from (293.15 to 333.15) K and water from (283.15 to 308.15) K was measured by a laser dynamic method at atmospheric pressure. Results shows that the solubility of levamisole hydrochloride increases with the increase of temperature. The order of the experimental mole fraction
Acknowledgment
This research work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21506197, Grant No. 21646011).
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