Modified glassy carbon electrode with Polydopamine-multiwalled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous electrochemical determination of biocompounds in biological fluids
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Dopamine (DA) is in mammalian central nervous system and acts as a hormone as well as a neurotransmitter [1]. Low levels of DA may lead to Parkinson [2]. Also, its low levels in urinary excretion indicate chronic renal parenchymal disease [3]. Acetaminophen (AC) is a popular anti-fever and pain drug [4], high levels of which cause liver damages [5]. Nearly 5% of AC in urinary eliminates remains unchanged [6]. Xanthine (XN) is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. High levels of XN in human body fluids point to xanthinuria, a pathological state [7]. These analytes usually coexist in biological fluids [8], therefore simultaneous determination of these analytes is important for inspection of their physiological functions and disease diagnosing.
Polydopamine (PDA) is a mussel-inspired adhesive polymer which was synthesized for the first time by Lee et al. in 2007 [9]. PDA is mainly prepared by spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine in weak alkaline conditions [10]. Dopamine is stable toward oxidation in acidic media but this oxidative polymerization can be catalyzed in the mild acidic media in the presence of transition metal ions [11]. Moreover, the spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine can be performed in strong acidic conditions by using the hydrothermal method [12]. Another route for PDA synthesis is electropolymerization of dopamine [13]. This multifunctional polymer has many interesting properties which increase its application in many research areas such as battery, fuel cell, solar cell, drug delivery and biosensors. PDA forms an adhesive thin film on many surfaces such metals, metal oxides, ceramics and organic substrates [9]. The PDA coating mechanism is not fully revealed but extant evidence suggests that PDA adheres to metal and metal oxides via co-ordination bonds [14,15]; also, due to having catechol groups in its structure, it is able to adhere to organic surfaces via Michael addition or Schiff base reaction [16]. PDA was used for immobilization of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on various substrates [17,18] as well as for functionalization of many surfaces via Michael addition or Schiff base reaction with amine and thiol functional groups of organic molecules [19]. PDA forms complexes with metal ions; this chelating ability has been used to remove metal ions from aqueous solutions [20]. PDA has numerous applications in electrode modification. For example, silver nanoparticle- PDA-graphene composite was used for DNA electrochemical bio sensing [21]. Cui et al. reported the application of PDA capsules for intracellular anticancer drug delivery [22]. Nam et al. used PDA as sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cell [23]. Ryou et al. prepared a PDA modified composite separator for high-power lithium-ion battery [24].
Carbon nanotubes are carbonic nanostructures with unique properties such as large surface area, good thermal and mechanical stability as well as good electrochemical conductivity. These unique properties have inspired researchers to use this material as excellent support to prepare composites for development of sensors and biosensors [25]. Yongxin li et al prepared some Nano composites such as overoxidized polypyrrole directed single wall carbon nanotubes and Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes to modify GCE for simultaneous electrochemical determination of biomolecules [25,26]. However, in this work, we use the easy, one-step dopamine self-polymerization technique to generate a thin layer of PDA on MWCNTs. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time these PDA-coated MWCNTs were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for sensitive simultaneous electrochemical determination of DA, AC and XN in human’s urine and blood serum samples.
Section snippets
Reagents
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), with diameters, OD = 20–30 nm, wall thickness = 1–2 nm, length = 0.5–2 μm and purity > 95%, Dopamine (DA) acetaminophen (AC), and Xanthine (XN) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company. Sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid were purchased from Merck Company. Chitosan (CH) with medium molecular weight, 400,000 Da, was purchased from Fluka Company. Fresh urine and blood serum samples were obtained from the Tohid Clinical Laboratory (Zahedan, Iran) without any
Morphological and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization of the PDA - MWCNTs composite
Fig. 1A and B shows the FESEM of MWCNTs and PDA-MWCNTs composite. By comparing these Figures, it was concluded that increasing the diameter of nanotubes in Fig. 1b is due to covering of MWCNTs by PDA. The EDX spectrum of PDA-MWCNTs composite shows in Fig. 1c. The EDX spectrum clearly revealed the presence of N and O elements. Fig. 2S shows the mapping image of the PDA- MWCNTs composite.
Fig. 1S shows the FT-IR spectrum of functionalized MWCNT and PDA-MWCNTs composite. Based on this Figure,
Conclusions
In this work, a simple modified electrode was prepared using PDA-MWCNT and applied to the simultaneous determination of a ternary mixture of DA, AC, and XN. The dopamine / dopamine quinone functional groups in PDA-MWCNTs improve the electrochemical catalytic activities towards the oxidation of DA, AC and XN, The results showed low detection limits and good selectivity. In addition, this proposed method can be applied to the determination of trace amounts of DA, AC and XN in real samples with
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