Elsevier

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volume 95, Issue 10, October 2020, Pages 2172-2188
Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Review
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: Current Status

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.021Get rights and content

Abstract

In the midst of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and its attendant morbidity and mortality, safe and efficacious vaccines are needed that induce protective and long-lived immune responses. More than 120 vaccine candidates worldwide are in various preclinical and phase 1 to 3 clinical trials that include inactivated, live-attenuated, viral-vectored replicating and nonreplicating, protein- and peptide-based, and nucleic acid approaches. Vaccines will be necessary both for individual protection and for the safe development of population-level herd immunity. Public-private partnership collaborative efforts, such as the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines mechanism, are key to rapidly identifying safe and effective vaccine candidates as quickly and efficiently as possible. In this article, we review the major vaccine approaches being taken and issues that must be resolved in the quest for vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease 2019. For this study, we scanned the PubMed database from 1963 to 2020 for all publications using the following search terms in various combinations: SARS, MERS, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, clinical trial, coronavirus, pandemic, and vaccine development. We also did a Web search for these same terms. In addition, we examined the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other public health authority websites. We excluded abstracts and all articles that were not written in English.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACE2
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
ADE
antibody-dependent enhancement
COVID-19
coronavirus disease 2019
IL
interleukin
MERS
Middle East respiratory syndrome
MVA
modified vaccinia virus Ankara
NIH
National Institutes of Health
RBD
receptor-binding domain
S
spike
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS-CoV
SARS coronavirus
TLR
Toll-like receptor
VLP
virus-like particle
WHO
World Health Organization

Cited by (0)

Potential Competing Interests: Dr Poland is the chair of a Safety Evaluation Committee for novel investigational vaccine trials being conducted by Merck Research Laboratories and is a consultant on vaccine development for Merck & Co, Inc, Avianax LLC, Adjuvance Technologies Inc, Valneva SE, Medicago Inc, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Sanofi Pasteur, Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Dynavax Technologies, Genentech, Inc, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Global Services, LLC, Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc, and Genevant Sciences Corporation. Drs Poland, Ovsyannikova, and Kennedy hold patents related to vaccinia, influenza, and measles peptide vaccines and have received grant funding from ICW Healthcare Ventures for preclinical studies on a peptide-based COVID-19 vaccine. Dr Kennedy has received funding from Merck Research Laboratories to study waning immunity to mumps vaccine. These activities have been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and are conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. Dr Crooke reports no competing interests.

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