Core-shell iron oxide@cathecol-polymer@palladium/copper nanocomposites as efficient and sustainable catalysts in cross-coupling reactions
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INTRODUCTION
Due to the increasing demand for sustainable chemical processes with improved efficiencies, minimization on the generation of waste, less energy consumption, and use of green conditions, much efforts have been focused on developing catalysts with improved activities and selectivity as well as with superior reusability and recyclability potential. In this context, the use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) as heterogeneous catalysts has emerged as a promising alternative towards a variety of chemical
Reagents and solvents
For the synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS reagent, ≥37%), ammonia (NH3, anhydrous, ≥99.95%), iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) (≥98%, purified lumps), iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O) (puriss. p.a., ≥99.0%), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH, solution 25 wt.% in H2O) and ammonia solution (NH4OH, solution 25 wt.% in H2O) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. For the preparation of Fe2O3@CSF and Fe2O3@TCF supports, ethanol (EtOH) (anhydrous,
Design and synthesis of the NCs
The designed catalytic nanocomposites (NCs), two Pd-based NCs and one Cu-based NC, were prepared in three steps (cf., Scheme 1Scheme 1) according to the three main parts of the catalyst’s architecture: a magnetic core NP, a polymeric shell, and catalytically active metallic NPs on the support’s surface. First, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (Fe2O3 NPs) with a size of ca. 10 nm in diameter and maghemite structure as confirmed by XRD were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and calcined
CONCLUSIONS
A facile synthetic method to prepare core-shell magnetic Fe2O3@polymer-Pd/Cu nanocomposites with remarkable catalytic properties towards cross-coupling reactions was developed. The designed nanocomposites, Pd-based and Cu-based NCs, displayed high catalytic efficiency for Suzuki-Miyaura reactions and A3 coupling reactions, respectively, affording the desired cross-coupled products in excellent yields, even presenting lower metal loadings than commonly reported catalysts, and importantly
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A.R. gratefully acknowledges Sistan and Balouchestan University of Iran for the financial support, as well as Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council for complementary financial supports. R.L. gratefully acknowledges MINECO as well as FEDER funds for funding under project CTQ2016-78289-P and financial support from the University of Cordoba (Spain). The publication has been prepared with support from RUDN University Program 5-100.
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