Belle-II VXD radiation monitoring and beam abort with sCVD diamond sensors
Introduction
The design luminosity of the SuperKEKB asymmetric collider is 40 times higher than that of KEKB, and it will be achieved by a sizeable decrease of the beam size, larger crossing angle at the interaction region and a moderate increase of the beam currents. All the Belle-II sub-detectors [1] have been redesigned to improve the performances with respect to Belle and to cope with the expected increase of luminosity. A large effort has been made to minimise the overall material budget for the VXD [1], the innermost tracking device of Belle II. The VXD will be composed of 2 layers of DEPFET pixels (PXD: PiXel Detector) [1] at radii 1.4 and 2.2 cm, surrounded by 4 layers of double-sided silicon strips (Silicon Vertex Detector: SVD) [1], [2] at radii 3.8, 8.0, 10.4 and 13.5 cm.
As a consequence of the luminosity increase, severe beam-induced backgrounds and radiation doses are expected. The main background sources will be pair production in two-photon process, radiative Bhabha scattering, Touschek scattering and off-momentum particles from beam–gas interactions. Synchrotron radiation will be controlled by appropriate shielding. These backgrounds are strongly dependent on beam optics, simulations are in progress and they show that the most affected Belle-II sub-detector is the VXD and energy losses will be mainly from electrons. From preliminary estimates the PXD total integrated doses [1] may range from about 150 to 180 kGy (15 to 18 Mrad) during the projected lifetime of Belle-II at the design integrated luminosity (50 ab−1). For the inner layers of the SVD, less exposed, a dose of about 90 krad/ab−1 would approximately integrate to 4.5 Mrad. All the DEPFET structures were irradiated up to 20 Mrad. The APV25 SVD front-end chips were tested to be radiation-tolerant above 30 Mrad.
Section snippets
Performance requirements
The primary goal of the VXD radiation monitoring system is to detect beam conditions that will be potentially damaging for the sensors or the front-end electronics. The corresponding action should be an immediate trigger signal to the SuperKEKB beam-abort system. From the experience of previous experiments (such as BaBar, Belle, and CDF), two signals can be foreseen: a fast abort for a sudden large increase in background and dose rate, and a slow abort for a smaller increase, with unacceptable
Sensors, location, cabling, package
In order to perform such a task, the sensors must be placed as close as possible to the PXD and SVD, possibly in the vicinity of and around the interaction region. The severe space limitations require a challenging remote readout of the sensors and the package itself must be as compact and shielded as possible. Belle-II monitoring system will be fully based on radiation-hard sCVD single-crystal Chemical Vapour Deposition diamond sensors with dimensions 4.5×4.5×0.5 mm3. Polycrystal pCVD sensors
Electronics requirements
Assuming sensor-current/dose-rate to be 1 nA/7 mrad/s (70 μGy/s), for fast aborts the readout must have a 10 nA precision at a 10 μs response time; for slow aborts a better than 1 nA precision, at 1 s time scale. The design of readout electronics, now close to the prototype level, is done in collaboration with Electronics Division of the Elettra Synchrotron light source in Trieste. It includes current digitizers and FPGAs with digital filtering, data buffering, and programmable thresholds for the beam
Characterization of first prototypes
The characterization of first prototypes, made of sCVD with Al or Au electrodes and mounted in the compact package shown in Fig. 1, has been performed in several steps: (a) I–V current–voltage characteristics in the dark, typically ≲ 1 pA up to 500 V; (b) I–V with light exposure: a significant increase of the current above 1 pA must be observed; (c) CCE with single particles from a β source as a function of the voltage, with a saturation of ≃100% typically observed above 60 V; (d) I–V when
Conclusions
We have shortly described the radiation monitoring system of the Belle-II VXD based on 20 sCDV diamond sensors. The first tests with 4 detectors and a prototype of the readout system will begin during the first commissioning phase in 2016.
References (2)
- T. Abe et al., Belle II Technical Design Report, arXiv:1011.0352...
- L. Vitale, The Belle II silicon-strip vertex detector, in Proceeding of Science (Vertex 2014 conference), 017...
Cited by (4)
The Belle II diamond detector for radiation monitoring and beam abort
2021, Proceedings of ScienceThe s-CVD radiation monitoring and beam abort system of the Belle-II Vertex Detector
2017, 2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop, NSS/MIC/RTSD 2016The monitoring system of the Belle II Vertex Detector
2016, Proceedings of Science
- 1
Presently at Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan.
- 2
Deceased.
- 3
Also at Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India.
- 4
Presently at TIFPA - INFN, I-38123 Trento, Italy.
- 5
Also at Department of Physics, STU, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.