Original articleImpact of Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy on Vision-Specific Functioning
Section snippets
Study Population and Design
The Singapore Indian Eye Study (SINDI-1 and SINDI-2) is a population-based cohort study of Indian adults (aged 40–80 years) living in Singapore, with baseline and follow-up assessments conducted between 2007 and 2009 and between 2013 and 2015, respectively.14, 15 A total of 3400 participants (75.6% response rate) took part in SINDI-1. Of the 3400 participants at the baseline visit, 1320 (38.8%) had diabetes, of which 1288 (97.6%) had gradable fundus photographs. Of these, 743 (57.7%) returned
Results
Of the 743 participants who returned for the follow-up examination and had gradable fundus photographs, 518 (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 59.8±9.0 years; 247 [47.7%] female) had complete clinical and VF-7 data at both visits and were included in our analyses. Total nonparticipants were 770 (545 who were lost to follow-up and 225 with incomplete clinical information). As shown in Table 1, compared with included participants (n = 518, 40.2%), excluded ones (n = 770, 59.8%) had
Discussion
In this population-based cohort study of participants with diabetes, using robust psychometric methodology to generate our outcome measure (i.e., VF), we demonstrated that over 6 years, incident DR, particularly in its vision-threatening stages, has a substantial negative impact on overall and item-specific vision-dependent daily living activities, such as cooking, seeing street signs, and reading the newspaper. We noted that the progression of DR was not significantly associated with a
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Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have made the following disclosure(s): The Singapore Indian Eye Study was funded by the National Medical Research Council (Singapore), grant no. NMRC/1371/2013. The grant body had no roles in design, conduct, or data analysis of the study, nor in manuscript preparation and approval.
HUMAN SUBJECTS: Human subjects were included in this study. Written informed consent from participants was obtained prior to participation in the study. All protocols followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval by the Singhealth Institutional Review Board.
No animal subjects were used in this study.
Author Contributions:
Conception and design: Gupta, Mitchell, Sabanayagam, Wong, Cheng, Lamoureux
Data collection: Gupta, Gan, Kumari, Tan, Sabanayagam, Wong, Cheng, Lamoureux
Analysis and interpretation: Gupta, Gan, Man, Fenwick, Wong, Cheng, Lamoureux
Obtained funding: N/A
Overall responsibility: Gupta, Gan, Man, Fenwick, Kumari, Tan, Mitchell, Sabanayagam, Lamoureux
Supplemental material available at www.aaojournal.org.