Application of technical grade reagent in soybean-crude urease calcite precipitation (SCU-CP) method for soil improvement technique
Introduction
Soil is an essential aspect of infrastructure construction. Although it is a natural product with different soil characteristics at each location, even on the same slope, the soil has unique physical characteristics (Putri et al., 2017). The unique physical and chemical properties significantly vary soil strength parameters. Low-strength soil has less carrying capacity and cannot support the load of the building is an inhibiting factor for infrastructure construction. An alternative is to avoid developing poor soil conditions or improving soil conditions (Hatmoko and Suryadharma, 2020). Physical and chemical treatments generally carry out soil improvement methods (Sing et al., 2009). Soil improvement methods that have been widely used include shallow and deep compaction, soil improvement by dewatering, grouting, pre-loading, geosynthetic soil reinforcement, and soil improvement with added materials (Hatmoko and Suryadharma, 2020).
Soil improvement technique using the Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation or EICP method begins with the development of the bio-cementation method. One type of soil improvement method based on calcite precipitation uses the enzyme urease on ureolytic bacteria, known as Microbially-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP), by utilizing bacteria such as Sporosarcina pasteurii (DeJong et al., 2006). However, according to Yasuhara et al. (2012), the MICP method requires complex and complex techniques for using bacteria and growth media. Thus, it has the potential to cause failure in its implementation. Therefore, other approaches are needed to produce calcite without bacterial culture. Soil improvement techniques using calcite without bacteria were developed using Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation or EICP. The EICP method research on sand soil improvement has been carried out by Putra et al. (2017) with the results that the soil strength can reach 300 kPa (Putra, 2017). The EICP method has successfully increased the strength of sandy soils and can be used to prevent liquefaction (Putra et al., 2017a), (Putra et al., 2020a). However, using enzyme urease as the catalyst in calcite formation promotes a high cost considered uneconomical and inefficient for large-scale soil improvement (Cuccurullo et al., 2020a).
The research was conducted to replace urease with cheaper and easier-to-find materials. The material used is utilized enzymes found in plants as bio-catalysts. Plants that can be used as bio-catalysts include cabbage and soybean extracts (Baiq et al., 2020a). Using cabbage and soybean extract as a bio-catalyst in the EICP method is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Baiq et al. (2020a) reported that using a test-tube experiment, 40–60% of urea material can be precipitated with cabbage and soybean extracts without purification, whereas the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis shows that the precipitated material is calcium carbonate. Urease solution using yellow soybeans can be an alternative to the MICP method (Lee and Kim, 2020). Using soybeans as a catalyst in the calcite precipitation method can be used as an improvement in fine-grained soils (Gao et al., 2019). Another study proved that soybeans, as a strength enhancer for sandy soil, increased their strength up to 168 kPa (Meisnnehr et al., 2021). This method can be used as a strength enhancer in soil, increasing shear strength and stiffness and reducing permeability (Putra et al., 2018), (Putra et al., 2020b). Soybean can be used as an alternative source of potential urease, with the enzyme reaction rate reaching 104 u/g, which in pure urease is 2.950 u/g (Putra et al., 2020b). Enzyme reactions using soybeans have a reaction speed of 1/10 times slower. This slower reaction is one of the reasons the application of calcite precipitation using soybean bio-catalyst can reach deeper soil depths.
Studies using soybean in the calcite precipitation method show great potential to develop more on a field scale. This method can potentially improve other soil types in the large industry of soil improvement. To ensure the availability of materials and have more low-cost to large scale, we need to find materials that are suitable in effectiveness and price. Applying calcite precipitation for large-scale treatment requires large materials; thus, using laboratory-standard material has an expensive selling value. In this study, the applicability of the low-cost material of soybean combined with technical grade reagent in soybean crude urease calcite precipitation (SCU-CP) is evaluated for its potential for the extensive application considered to the precipitation process, e.g., reaction rate, calcite mass, and precipitation material composition using the urease activity test, test-tube experiment, and XRD analysis, respectively.
Section snippets
Material
The materials used in this study were composed of soybean and reagent (calcium chloride and Urea). Low-cost soybean with conventional treatment (bean-based product) or called original soybean (O), and commercial products of Gasol (powder-based product) or called Gasol soybean (G) are used to compare the applicability of those materials and refer to a reduction of the cost. Different from the original soybean and Gasol the size of them, the original soybean has a size of 0.1–0.5 mm, and Gasol
Hydrolysis rate
A hydrolysis rate was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean in hydrolyzing Urea. Hydrolyzing Urea has the impact of EICP, which is better in hydrolyzing than calcite precipitation's effect (Putra et al., 2021), (Arrazzaq et al., 2021). In this study, Urea and CaCl2 were variable in laboratory grade (L) and technical grade (T). Soybeans also varied to Gasol (G) with the size <0.1 mm and original (O) soybean with the size 0.1–0.5 mm. The original soybeans were ground and filtered using a
Conclusion
The applicability of original soybean with size 0.1–0.5 mm and technical grade reagent in soybean crude urease for calcite precipitation (SCU-CP) method have been evaluated. The use of the original soybean with a size of 0.1–0.5 mm and technical grade reagent is compared to the Gasol soybean with a size of <0.1 mm and laboratory grade reagent, and its effectivity in the precipitation process was evaluated using a set of experiments. This study shows that using technical grade reagents
Authorship statements
All persons who meet authorship criteria are listed as authors, and all authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content, including participation in the concept, design, analysis, writing, or revision of the manuscript entitled.
Furthermore, each author certifies that this material or similar material has not been and will not be submitted to or published in any other publication.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Heriansyah Putra reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Republic of Indonesia. Heriansyah Putra reports a relationship with Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Republic of Indonesia that includes: funding grants.
Acknowledgment
This research has been financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, grant number 082/E5/PG.02.00.PT/2022. The authors sincerely appreciate their support.
References (40)
- et al.
Microbially mediated sand solidification using calcium phosphate compounds
Eng. Geol.
(2012) - et al.
Calcium carbonate precipitation catalyzed by soybean urease as an improvement method for fine-grained soil
Soils Found.
(2019) - et al.
Crystallization of aragonite CaCO3with complex structures
Adv. Powder Technol.
(2011) - et al.
Synthesis and characterization of calcite and aragonite in polyol liquids: control over structure and morphology
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2010) - et al.
Experiments and predictions of physical properties of sand cemented by enzymatically-induced carbonate precipitation
Soils Found.
(2012) - et al.
Bio-Mediated soil improvement using plant derived enzyme in addition to magnesium ion
Crystals
(2021) - et al.
The Use of Jack Bean Meal as A Biocatalyst in Enzyme Mediated Calcite Precipitation for Soil Improvement Technique
(2021) - et al.
Examination of calcite precipitation using plant-derived urease enzyme for soil improvement
Int. J. GEOMATE
(2020) - et al.
Efficacy of organic additive in EICP technique for soil improvement
2020 World Congr. Adv. Civil, Environ. Mater. Res.
(2020) - et al.
Earth stabilisation via carbonate precipitation by plant-derived urease for building applications
Geomech. Energy Environ.
(2020)
Soil stabilization against water erosion via calcite precipitation by plant-derived urease
Lect. Notes Civ. Eng.
Development of a scaled repeated five-spot treatment model for examining microbial induced calcite precipitation feasibility in field applications
Geotech. Test J.
Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear
J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.
Biogeochemical processes and geotechnical applications: progress, opportunities and challenges
Geotechnique
Teknologi Perbaikan Tanah. Yogyakarta (ID)
Improvement in Soil Grouting by Biocementation through Injection Method
An experimental study on enzymatic-induced carbonate precipitation using yellow soybeans for soil stabilization
KSCE J. Civ. Eng.
Potentially of soybean as bio-catalyst in calcite precipitation methods for improving the strength of sandy soil
Civ. Eng. Archit.
Utilization of soybean powder as the additional material on calcite precipitation method for improving the strength of liquefiable soil
IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.
Pengaruh dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pada efektivitas perbaikan tanah gambut dengan metode calcite precipitation
J. Apl. Tekknik Sipil
Cited by (2)
Advancements in Exploiting Sporosarcina pasteurii as Sustainable Construction Material: A Review
2023, Sustainability (Switzerland)Scale-Up Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation (SCU-CP) Method for Sandy Soil Improvement
2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science