Amygdala and insula volumes prior to illness onset in bipolar disorder: A magnetic resonance imaging study
Introduction
While disease-related neuroanatomical abnormalities have been identified in bipolar disorder (Soares and Mann, 1997, Beyer and Krishnan, 2002, McDonald et al., 2004, Kempton et al., 2008), it remains unclear whether these abnormalities predate the onset of the illness. The most rigorous approach to determining whether neuroanatomical changes predate onset is to recruit individuals manifesting non-specific at-risk features prior to the onset of threshold disorder; and prospectively monitor them, enabling ascertainment of diagnostic outcomes and comparison of baseline and longitudinal changes between those who do and do not make the transition to frank illness. We have adopted such an approach to the study of psychosis for the past 15 years (Yung et al., 1996, Yung et al., 2003). Although the approach is specifically aimed at the prediction of psychotic illnesses, a small number of these at-risk individuals progressed to threshold bipolar disorder (BD). Although the findings in this population might not be generalizable to all people with BD, this sample offers the unique opportunity to compare neuroanatomical measures prior to the onset of first episode mania with those of individuals who meet ultra-high risk criteria, but did not meet diagnostic criteria for a psychiatric disorder at follow-up, and with data from healthy comparison subjects. An added advantage of our cohort is that the participants are free of mood stabilizers, which is an important issue given that lithium has been found to increase gray matter volume in vivo (Moore et al., 2000, Monkul et al., 2007, Phillips et al., 2008).
Predicting exactly where anatomical differences might be seen prior to the onset of BD is difficult, since the neurobiology of the illness is not well understood. Although published data are inconsistent, they do suggest disease-related neuroanatomical abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, as well as the subcortical and medial temporal structures (Soares and Mann, 1997, Beyer and Krishnan, 2002, McDonald et al., 2004, Kempton et al., 2008, Yeh et al., 2010). These inconsistencies may at least partially reflect differences in age and chronicity of patient groups or medication effects. For example, decreased amygdala volumes have been reported in adolescents with BD (DelBello et al., 2004, Hajek et al., 2009b), whereas amygdala enlargement has been reported in several studies of adult patients (Altshuler et al., 2000, Brambilla et al., 2003, Hajek et al., 2009b, Usher et al., 2010) as well as in patients who have been treated with mood stabilizers (Savitz et al., 2010). In addition, multiple-episode patients have been shown to have significantly larger lateral ventricles than first-episode patients (Brambilla et al., 2001, Strakowski et al., 2002). Family history may play an important role, as abnormalities in certain brain structures have been more frequent in familial patients (e.g., Drevets et al., 1998). However, two recent studies found that the offspring of individuals with bipolar I disorder did not exhibit structural abnormalities in regions that are found to be abnormal in adolescents and adults already diagnosed with bipolar disorder (Singh et al., 2008, Hajek et al., 2009a). Moreover, nine male children, who initially presented with psychosis not otherwise specified, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood liability combined, and who developed bipolar disorder at 2- to 4- year follow-up, did not differ from controls regarding cortical gray matter (Gogtay et al., 2007). Therefore, given this heterogeneity and the novelty of our cohort, we did not make specific hypotheses but chose to investigate a number of key brain regions implicated in BD, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and insula, as well as lateral ventricular and whole brain volumes (Hajek et al., 2005).
Section snippets
Setting and participants
We recruited people at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing a psychotic disorder from the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation (PACE) Clinic in Melbourne, Australia (McGorry et al., 2001a, McGorry et al., 2001b, Yung et al., 2003). Criteria for the identification of the UHR cohort and the rationale for these criteria have been previously described (Yung et al., 2005). The aim of this approach was to identify help-seeking, troubled young people who have manifest symptoms and impaired
Demographics and clinical characteristics
Demographic details and clinical characteristics are presented in Table 2. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score was significantly higher in the UHR-Well group at intake (t(19) = 2.16, p = 0.044). There were no significant differences between the groups on any other measure, including the baseline HAM-D (t(12.7) = 1.53, p = 0.15) and YMRS (t(19) = 0.96, p = 0.35).
Intracranial and whole-brain volume
Intracranial volume was compared across the three groups (HC, UHR-BP and UHR-Well) using an ANCOVA that controlled for height. There
Discussion
This is the first study to neuroanatomically investigate adolescents and young adults with BD prior to the onset of first episode mania. The main findings are that amygdala and insula volume reductions are present prior to the onset of first episode mania, whereas intracranial, lateral ventricle, whole-brain and hippocampal volumes are not different from a UHR well or a healthy comparison group. These abnormalities cannot be ascribed to the effects of mood stabilizers or antipsychotic drugs,
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by project grants from the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC; grant IDs: 145627, 145737, 970598, 981112, 970391), NHMRC Program Grant (ID: 350241), and the Colonial Foundation. Dr Bechdolf was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation (Be 3697/1-1). Prof. Wood was supported by a Clinical Career Development Award from the NHMRC (ID: 359223). Dr. Takahashi was supported to undertake this work by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No.
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