A compilation of Western European terrestrial records 60–8 ka BP: towards an understanding of latitudinal climatic gradients
Introduction
Since the discovery of abrupt climate change at decade-to-century time-scales during the Last Glacial period, evidence of rapid climate variability has become available from an ever-growing number of palaeo-archives worldwide. In the North Atlantic region, the climate of the Last Glacial period is characterized by a number of abrupt warming events referred to as Dansgaard–Oeschger events, which are most strongly expressed in the Greenland ice cores (Dansgaard et al., 1993). North Atlantic marine records of the Last Glacial period are sometimes dominated by ice rafting events, the so-called Heinrich events (Hemming, 2004) while other terrestrial archives from Western Europe do not always show a strong response to such climatic events (Ampel et al., 2010). The abrupt climate variability of the Last Glacial period differs from the slowly varying orbital parameters that are believed to be the main drivers of climate change during this period.
The present work is concerned with the 60–8 ka period, covering the second half of the Last Glacial, including the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca 22–18 ka BP) and the deglacial period (ca 14.7–11.7 ka BP), and the early Holocene (ca 11.7–8 ka BP). Furthermore, the period is divided into Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3, ca 60–28 ka BP), MIS2 (ca 28–11.7 ka BP), and part of MIS1 (last 11.7 ka). Within the INTegration of Ice-core, MArine, and TErrestrial records (INTIMATE) community, the Greenland ice core stratigraphy (Rasmussen et al., 2014) has been applied as a template for North Atlantic climate variability for the 60–8 ka period (Blockley et al., 2012).
Compilation of palaeoclimatic evidence from palaeo-archives is a prerequisite for obtaining an overview of past climatic change. Bringing palaeo-records from various archives together on a common chronological framework allows individual records to be placed in a broader context, exploration of both temporal and spatial evolution of climate, and investigation of the drivers and mechanisms behind past climatic changes together with the resulting impacts of climatic change (Birks and Birks, 2014). Furthermore, data compilations enable model–data comparisons which can help to decipher the mechanisms that drive climatic change.
A number of important studies have provided compilations of records of past climatic variability between 60 and 8 ka on both global and regional scales. Voelker (2002) provided the first global compilation of marine and terrestrial sites, showing evidence of centennial-scale climatic change during the Last Glacial period. Since then, this evidence has been supported and extended by a number of high resolution records, such as Antarctic ice cores (EPICA, 2006), Cariaco Basin and Arabian Sea sediment cores (Deplazes et al., 2013), and Asian and American speleothems (Wang et al., 2001, Wang et al., 2007, Fleitmann et al., 2009, Asmerom et al., 2013). The deglacial period provides more records and accurate chronologies than earlier periods, and a comprehensive compilation of global proxy records is provided by Clark et al. (2012) and Shakun et al. (2012).
Other studies focused on the climate of the Last Glacial in the North Atlantic region, which is strongly influenced by the presence of large continental ice sheets (Svendsen et al., 2004). Björck et al. (1996) linked deglacial records from different North Atlantic archives. Voelker et al. (personal communication) provide the most recent compilation of high resolution North Atlantic surface water temperatures for the last 60 ka, and a comprehensive compilation of Last Glacial millennial-scale European vegetation records was provided by Fletcher et al. (2010a).
This paper presents a new compilation of Western European quantitative terrestrial climate records in the 60–8 ka INTIMATE time period (Fig. 1, Table 1) with a focus on the deglacial period. We briefly describe the different terrestrial archives, their respective proxies, interpretation and application for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of chronologies and record synchronization. We investigate Western European latitudinal climate gradients during the deglacial period, and discuss the period before the LGM.
Section snippets
Data compilation and selection criteria
The present compilation broadly covers Western Europe (with 15°E of longitude as an approximate boundary) and is complemented by parallel compilations covering Eastern Europe (Feurdean et al., 2014), the Austrian and Swiss sectors of the Alpine region (Heiri et al., 2014) and marine North Atlantic records (Voelker et al., personal communication). The scarcity of records from Scandinavia for this time period does not require an additional compilation and those sequences are included here. The
Terrestrial archives of past climate changes: advantages and limitations
Each type of archive included in the database is unique and has advantages and limitations regarding its ability to reconstruct climate quantitatively (Table 2). To explore those characteristics, we outline the methodology, type of quantitative information and dating methods used in analysis of lake sediments, speleothems, ice cores, and terrestrial remains in marine records. Methods used to obtain quantitative proxy climate data are summarized in the ESM. Finally, other terrestrial archives
Linking of records
Good chronological control is critical for comparisons of palaeoclimate records to explore the timing, duration and synchronicity of major climatic events and to evaluate the processes and mechanisms involved in the spatial transference (rapid or gradual) of the climate signal. Therefore, only records with independent age models were included in this compilation, and the dates are included as part of the collected information (see ESM). Although 14C dating is used for most age models in the
Discussion
The time interval considered in INTIMATE network (60–8 ka BP) was characterized by large environmental changes across Western Europe as a response, among other mechanisms (Clement and Peterson, 2008), to (1) advances and retreats of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) (Svendsen et al., 2004) and (2) rapid oceanographic changes associated to the different intensity modes of the thermohaline circulation (Rahmstorf, 2002). In general, cool and dry climates were identified in Western European
Suggestions for future studies
Considering the large number of Western European terrestrial palaeo-studies available in the literature, the relatively low number of records included in the present study reflects the difficulties related to obtaining quantitative climate proxies from terrestrial archives that are chronologically well-constrained (see Brauer et al., 2014). Based on the experience of making the present compilation, we have several suggestions on how future studies can provide the wider palaeo-community with
Acknowledgements
This work and the workshop leading to this publication have been supported by the Cost Action ES0907 “Integrating ice core, marine and terrestrial records 60,000 to 8000 years ago (INTIMATE)”. AM acknowledges the funding from the “Ramón y Cajal” postdoctoral program. We are indebted to Miguel Sevilla (IPE-CSIC) for designing Fig. 1.
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Data contributors: Judy R.M. Allen, Linda Ampel, Dominique Blamart, Hillary Birks, Simon Blockley, Andrea Borsato, Hanneke Bos, Achim Brauer, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Ruth Drescher-Schneider, Russell Drysdale, Scott Elias, Silvia Frisia, John Hellstrom, Boris Ilyashuk, Sebastien Joannin, Norbert Kühl, Isabelle Larocque-Tobler, Andy Lotter, Michel Magny, Ian Matthews, Frank McDermott, Laurent Millet, Mario Morellón, Ina Neugebauer, Castor Muñoz-Sobrino, Filipa Naughton, Christian Ohlwein, Katherine Roucoux, Stephanie Samartin, María-Fernanda Sánchez-Goñi, Frank Sirocko, Nelleke van Asch, Bas van Geel, Ulrich van Grafenstein, Boris Vannière, Juana Vegas, Daniel Veres, Mike Walker and Barbara Wohlfarth.