What does handedness reveal about ADHD? An analysis based on CPT performance
Section snippets
What this paper adds?
Gender and handedness are associated with several developmental disorders, which has led to many implications for understanding these diseases and their problems’ remediation. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset disease affecting 5% of the population worldwide. Gender and age differences are known to be associated with ADHD. Regarding handedness, the data are controversial. Here, for the first time in ADHD studies, handedness was defined by direction and strength.
Participants and samples
Participation in the research was voluntary. Parents and school principals signed informed consents. This study was carried out under institutional approval, by the law (Declaration of Helsinki).
After approval of the project by the ethical committees, educational authorities of the State of Rio de Janeiro and four selected municipalities were contacted to indicate possible schools and allow them to participate in the research. Then, the principals of ten different junior high and elementary
Demography
From the initial sample, n = 337, 239 students (Table 2) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 28% (n = 68) were included in the ADHD group. The ADHD students with comorbidities (n = 63) were excluded from this study. Inclusion criteria for participants in the control group were the absence of academic or behavioural problems. Exclusion criteria were intellectual disability, other chronic conditions, the use of medications, and other primary psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., depression, anxiety, and
Discussion
When the total group was dichotomized by disease (ADHD versus control) and by direction of consistency of handedness (consistent right-handers versus consistent left- handers) we showed that the percentage of consistent left-handed ADHD children (12%) is different from that found in the control group (4%). The analysis of the odds ratio shows that the probability of a consistent left-handed student presenting ADHD is 2.8 times greater than that of a right-hander. Three variables of the CVAT
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Catarina S. Padilla for the critical comments on the manuscript. A. C. Manhaes and S.L. Schmidt developed the CVAT used in this study.
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