Trends in Plant Science
OpinionCellulose Synthesis – Central Components and Their Evolutionary Relationships
Section snippets
Plant Cell Walls and Cellulose
Plant cells are surrounded by a relatively small number of distinct chemical polymers woven into precise 3D matrices – walls that shape the growth of cells and thus also plant tissues 1, 2. The make-up of cell walls varies between different cell types. and can change during development or as a consequence of environmental conditions [3]. For example, a dividing cell produces a callose-rich cell plate that matures into a cross-wall that separates the resulting daughter cells [4]. During
Central Components of Cellulose Synthesis
In vascular plants, the CSC typically consists of different heterotrimeric CESA configurations. For example, during primary wall synthesis the CSC contains CESA1, 3, and one CESA6-like subunit in arabidopsis (CESA2, 5, 6 or 9) 18, 19. By contrast, the secondary wall-synthesizing CSCs contain CESA4, 7, and 8 [20]. Although CESAs constitute the core catalytic components of CSCs, many proteins contribute to either the activity of the CESAs or to the trafficking and assembly of CSCs [21]. The CSCs
An Evolutionary Inventory of Cellulose-Related Components
To better understand how the cellulose synthesis-related machinery evolved, it is essential to first understand when the different components emerged during evolution. The Orthofinder platform [64] defines orthogroups as groups of genes that have descended from an ancestral gene. Including species from the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Phytozome v12.1 database and the Green Algal Tree of Life project [65] for orthogroups that are closely related to cellulose synthesis, namely orthogroups
Transcriptional Coordination of Cellulose-Related Genes
Although the evolutionary inventory provides an overview of the presence and absence of different cellulose-related components in diverse species, it is unclear whether these components are dedicated to cellulose synthesis or perhaps also have other functions. The CESAs were originally identified via weak sequence similarity to bacterial cellulose synthase (CelA) proteins [68]. However, the majority of the associated components were identified via forward-genetic screens or coexpression
Concluding Remarks
Most of our understanding of how cellulose is produced in land plants stems from research undertaken in the model angiosperm arabidopsis [10]. However, many of the cellulose-related components identified in arabidopsis have closely related orthologs in other plant species [74]. The corresponding genes are typically similarly expressed, indicating that cellulose synthesis is driven largely through the control of gene expression 61, 75. Whereas much of these data were derived from seed plants, it
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Drs Maria Flores, Stefanie Sprunck, and Thomas Dresselhaus for their gracious contribution of the gene expression profiles from Amborella. The Amborella data were generated as part of the European Research Area Network for Coordinating Action in Plant Sciences (ERA-CAPS) EVOREPRO consortium. We thank Dr Uli Felzmann from Science IT, University of Melbourne, for assistance with high-performance computing infrastructure. S.P. was supported by the Australian Research Council
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2023, Molecular PlantCitation Excerpt :Although not present in extant animals and fungi, the TPLATE complex was likely present in early eukaryotes and subsequently lost in these taxa (Hirst et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). Somewhat surprisingly, even the origin of STLs predates the rosette-shaped CSCs of extant plants, suggesting that their functional evolution occurred alongside—or perhaps even facilitated—changes in CSC assembly (Lampugnani et al., 2019). The microfibril assembly module comprising KOR, CTLs, COB/COBLs, and putatively KOB, likely predates the CSC rosette as well, while the microtubule guidance module of CSI1, CMUs, CCs, and TTLs emerged shortly after (Lampugnani et al., 2019; Kesten et al., 2022), likely reflecting profound changes in CSC dynamics at the PM during the evolution of the land plants.
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