Numerical analysis on the seismic behavior of a large metro subway tunnel in liquefiable ground
Introduction
With the increase in demand on land in urban areas, shallowly buried underground structures are widely constructed. Although observations show that underground structures perform better than surface structures when subjected to the same seismic excitation, these underground structures are susceptible to damage during a major earthquake, especially those which are constructed underground in a liquefiable layer (Arango, 2008). Metro tunnels, large underground car parks, pipelines and manholes suffered significant uplift in liquefied soil as observed in numerous earthquake events (Hall and O’Rourke, 1991, Wang et al., 2001, Liu and Song, 2005, Tokimatsu et al., 2012). Fig. 1 shows an example of floatation of water tubes due to liquefaction in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. It is clear in Fig. 1 that water tubes had floated to the surface and scattered widely when the surrounding ground had experienced severe liquefaction, and some of them were 100 meters away from the original site. Further analyses on the performance of underground pipes confirmed that the phenomenon of significant uplift displacement in liquefiable soil deposits is in agreement with the damage of these pipes observed in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (Chian and Tokimatsu, 2012).
The underground structures are generally subjected to a buoyant force due to their lower submerged unit weight compared to the surrounding soils. Seismic behavior of tunnels and other underground structures can be studied using numerical analysis or physical tests. Numerical analyses on tunnels in specific cases and site conditions can be found in the literatures (Adalier et al., 2003, Sun et al., 2008, Azadi and Mir Mohammad Hosseini, 2010a, Azadi and Mir Mohammad Hosseini, 2010b). Centrifuge tests (Chou et al., 2011, Tobita et al., 2011) were carried out to substantiate the basic failure mechanisms that, the uplift could be affected by both the input earthquake shaking intensity and the generation of excess pore pressure. Ling et al., 2003, Ling et al., 2008 conducted centrifuge model test and numerical analysis to simulate the dynamic response of soil and pipe up to the stage of initial liquefaction. Chen et al. (2013) conducted a series of shaking table tests to investigate the seismic failure characteristics of a three-story and three-span subway station structure on the liquefiable ground. Some studies (Yang and Wang, 2013, Unutmaz, 2014, Madabhushi and Madabhushi, 2015) indicate that the response of the tunnel structure depends on tunnel depth, soil stiffness, water table elevation and properties of seismic loading (frequency, excitation duration, peak acceleration etc.). It was postulated that the primary cause of uplift is the reduction of the effective confining stress near the bottom of structures due to strong shaking (Sasaki et al., 1999). Koseki et al. (1997) studied the factor of safety against floatation of underground structures in liquefiable soil. However, large soil strain simulation during post-liquefaction process remains a challenge to date with conventional numerical methods. Most of these studies focus on the damages happen to small underground structures. Existing reports about damages to large underground structures are still limited. Liu and Yuan (2015) pointed out that the cross-sections of transit tunnels are usually larger than those of pipelines used to carry oil and gas and the results of the pipeline research can serve as references for the uplift mechanism using the similarity theory when investigating the mechanical behavior of transit tunnels. However, the condition for the transit tunnels might be more complex because of the large cross-sections and shallow earth cover that may not ensure the anti-buoyancy safety of the large cross section tunnels. Moreover, the rapid and extensive development of cities and their underground structures (Azadi and Mir Mohammad Hosseini, 2010a), such as large metro subway tunnels, pipe line tunnels etc. (particularly in areas of high seismicity and liquefaction potentials), make it quite necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior and safety of these structures (Chen et al., 2014). Thus, the influence of ground liquefaction when constructed in liquefiable soil deposits becomes more extensively (Huang et al., 2015).
Additionally, the dynamic behavior of underground structures in liquefiable soil deposits mainly depends on the nonlinear material properties of liquefied or partly liquefied soils. Much of the research on the floatation of tunnels or pipelines outlined above falls in one important category that the seismic behavior of soils was not described accurately by constitutive models. As confirmed in the work by Tian and Cassidy (2008), using a proper constitutive model to accurately describe the soil behaviors becomes a key factor when assessing the behavior of underground structures and solving the soil-structure interaction problems. Therefore, it cannot infer general findings from a limited number of experiments. Further study of dynamic tunnel structure behavior in liquefied ground through simulations of model tests or case histories, along with effective stress based soil–water coupled analysis is required. Moreover, the construction stages should also be taken into account which may provide a more severe condition for liquefaction during an earthquake. Because unloading of the soil due to excavation could influence the uplift behavior of the structure, the excavation process during structure construction should be considered in an analysis of tunnel uplift mechanism.
Thus, in this paper, the main focus is on the seismic performance of a large metro subway tunnel structure located in liquefiable soil deposits with consideration of the excavation process during the structure construction. The input earthquake motion is taken from 1995 Kobe earthquake. The soils are simulated with a kinematic hardening elasto-plastic cyclic mobility model. The element behavior of ground soils is simulated first to validate the constitutive model and soil parameters. Then the seismic behavior of the tunnel structure including the influence of vertical input motion is investigated using the soil-water fully coupling finite element-finite difference (FE-FD) code DBLEVES (Ye, 2011). Last, the effect of a mitigation method with different reinforcement patterns to reduce the uplift of the structure is discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the changes of excess pore water pressures, stress path, response acceleration, deformations and state parameters during the earthquake motion.
Section snippets
Case study
The analysis was carried out under plane strain assumptions and a large rectangular cut-cover metro tunnel was selected as the computational model. Fig. 2 shows the computational model and soil profiles. The dimension of the domain is taken as 250 m in length and 50 m in depth. The tunnel structure had the dimension of 22 m × 12.5 m to represent a metro tunnel that can accommodate two-story railway lines. The embedment depth of the tunnel was 3 m below ground surface. The soil deposits are supposed
FE-FD method
In the effective stress based FE-FD code DBLEAVES (Ye, 2011), which is a fully coupled code and can solve soil-structure interaction problems, the field equations of current liquefaction analysis are based on Biot’s porous media theory (Biot, 1962). Although several formulations have used different unknown variables, e.g. u-U, u-w and u-p formulations, the effect of the difference is not considerable in the earthquake problems (Zienkiewicz and Shiomi, 1984). In the calculation, a direct
Input earthquake motion
In the dynamic analysis, the input earthquake motion was taken from 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan. The original record of the earthquake motion was taken from the actual acceleration histories in the east–west direction at Kobe JMA station during the 1995 the Kobe earthquake. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the original record in the east–west direction was about 0.812 g recorded based on the soil. In the present study, the input earthquake motion was obtained by scaling the original
Excess pore water pressure
The generation of excess pore water pressure (EPWP) in the soil governs the tendency of the soil liquefaction and hence the behavior of tunnel uplift. Fig. 10 presents the distribution of EPWP at the end of earthquake motion. The soil above the structure and in the free field is fully liquefied allowing the tunnel to uplift. The EPWP near the structure was significantly lower than that in free field at the same depth, which indicates the likelihood of influence from the soil-structure
Conclusions
In this paper, the seismic behavior of a large rectangular metro tunnel buried in liquefiable soil deposits was investigated using effective stress based two-dimensional soil-water coupling FE-FD analysis, in which the soil was described by a cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model. Attention was paid to the structure flotation, excess pore water pressures, displacement, stress path, state parameters influence of vertical excitation and the effectiveness of migration methods. The following
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51678369 and 41372284), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014A030313551), Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 20114BAB216010), Jiangxi Yuanhang Project, Scientific and Technical Innovation Foundation of Shenzhen (Grant No. JCYJ20150324140036839).
References (51)
- et al.
An elasto-plastic description of two distinct volume change mechanisms of soils
Soils Found.
(2002) - et al.
The uplifting behavior of shallow tunnels within the liquefiable soils under cyclic loadings
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2010) - et al.
Analyses of the effect of seismic behavior of shallow tunnels in liquefiable grounds
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2010) - et al.
Shaking table test on reinforcement effect of partial ground improvement for group-pile foundation and its numerical simulation
Soils Found.
(2012) - et al.
Seismic performance of SSPQ retaining wall-Centrifuge model tests and numerical evaluation
Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng.
(2014) - et al.
Numerical simulation of sand subjected to cyclic load under undrained conventional triaxial test
Soils Found.
(2010) - et al.
Seismic response of large underground structures in liquefiable soils subjected to horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations
Comput. Geotech.
(2005) - et al.
Mechanical analysis of anti-buoyancy safety for a shield tunnel under water in sands
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2015) 3D liquefaction assessment of soils surrounding circular tunnels
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2014)- et al.
Contact interface in seismic analysis of circular tunnels
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
(2009)
Effect of shaking strength on the seismic response of liquefiable level ground
Eng. Geol.
Centrifuge modeling on manhole uplift in a liquefied trench
Soils Found.
Fully coupled numerical analysis of repeated shake-consolidation process of earth embankment on liquefiable foundation
Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng.
Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake
Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
Numerical modeling of changes in anisotropy during liquefaction using a generalized constitutive model
Comput. Geotech.
Experiment and numerical simulation of repeated liquefaction-consolidation of sand
Soils Found.
Micromechanical modelling for effect of inherent anisotropy on cyclic behaviour of sand
Int. J. Solids Struct.
Explanation of cyclic mobility of soils: approach by stress-induced anisotropy
Soils Found.
A try to give a unified description of Toyoura sand
Soils Found.
A simple thermo-elastoplastic model for geomaterials
Int. J. Plast
Centrifuge modeling for seismic retrofit design of an immersed tube tunnel
J. Phys. Model Geotech.
Earthquake engineering for tunnels and underground structures, a case history
Geotech. Earthq. Eng. Soil Dynam. ASCE GSP
Co-seismic and post-seismic behavior of a wall type breakwater on a natural ground composed of liquefiable layer
Nat. Hazards
Mechanics of deformation and acoustic propagation in porous media
J. Appl. Phys.
Full 3D seismic analysis of a long-distance water conveyance tunnel
Struct. Infrastruct. Eng.
Cited by (83)
Seismic performance and vulnerability analysis for bifurcated tunnels in soft soil
2024, Computers and GeotechnicsEffects of constitutive soil models on the seismic response of an offshore jacket platform in clay by considering pile-soil-structure interaction
2023, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake EngineeringSeismic response of soil-shield tunnel systems in sandwiched liquefiable soil deposits
2023, Tunnelling and Underground Space TechnologySeismic analysis of underground tunnels subjected to 3D oblique incident P and SV waves by 2.5D approach
2023, Underground Space (China)Optimize characteristic value of SPT for seismic design of offshore wind turbines in liquefiable soils by stochastic models
2023, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering