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24 - The Bionic Eye: a review of multielectrode arrays

from Part V - Bionics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2015

By
Kate Fox ,
Owen Burns ,
David J. Garrett ,
Mohit N. Shivdasani  and
Hamish Meffin
Edited by
Sandro Carrara  and
Krzysztof Iniewski
Kate Fox
Affiliation:
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)
Owen Burns
Affiliation:
The Bionics Institute, Australia
David J. Garrett
Affiliation:
The Bionics Institute, Australia
Mohit N. Shivdasani
Affiliation:
The Bionics Institute, Australia
Hamish Meffin
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Sandro Carrara
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Krzysztof Iniewski
Affiliation:
Redlen Technologies Inc., Canada
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Summary

Introduction

The notion of creating artificial vision using visual prostheses has been well represented though science fiction literature and films. When we think of retinal prostheses, we immediately think of fictional characters like The Terminator scanning across a bar to assess patrons for appropriately fitting clothing, or Star Trek’s Geordi La Forge with his VISOR, a visual instrument and sensory organ replacement placed across his eyes and attached into his temples to provide him with vision. Such devices are no longer farfetched. In the past 20 years, significant research has been undertaken across the globe in the race for a “Bionic Eye”. Advances in Bionic Eye research have come from improvements in the design and fabrication of multielectrode arrays (MEAs) for medical applications. MEAs are already commonplace in medicine with use in applications such as the cochlear device, cardiac pacemakers, and deep brain stimulators where interfacing with neuronal cell populations is required.

The use of MEAs for vision prostheses is currently of significant interest. For the most part, retinal prostheses have dominated the research landscape owing to the ease of access and direct contact to the retinal ganglion nerve cells. However, MEAs are also in use for direct stimulation into the optic nerve [1]. Retinal prostheses bypass the damaged photoreceptor cells within the retina and instead replace the degenerate retina with electrical stimulation to the nerve cells. Using electrical stimulation, stimulated retinal ganglion cells have been shown to elicit a percept in the form of a phosphene in blind patients [2–6]. Accordingly, the two diseases commonly linked to the justification for Bionic Eye research are age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), diseases which lead to progressive loss of photoreceptor cells and diseases where the patient has had previous vision and thus exhibits prior visual-brain pathways. At present, there has been no reliable cure for any of the retinal diseases that target the photoreceptor cells, and thus the development of prosthetic devices is a viable clinical treatment option [7–9].

Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Bioelectronics
Directly Interfacing Electronics and Biological Systems
 , pp. 294 - 312
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

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