¹ The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribner's, 1925), p. 16.Google Scholar

² ‘The Rising Tide of Color: A Note on the Historicism of The Great Gatsby’, American Literature, 43 (Autumn, 1971), 442–4.Google Scholar

³ Turlish, , p. 442Google Scholar. See Sklar, , The Last Laocoön (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 135, 356, n. iGoogle Scholar. Founded on a faulty memory of Fitzgerald himself, the Spengler source was one of the houses Stallman, Robert W. built, notably in ‘Conrad and The Great Gatsby’, Twentieth Century Literature, I (04, 1955), 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ Turlish, , p. 443Google Scholar. Stoddard's book, titled in full The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy, was published by Scribners, Fitzgerald's publisher, in 1920, and frequently reprinted. The first mention of the Fitzgerald-Stoddard connexion was by Mizener, Arthur in The Far Side of Paradise (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1951), p. 336, n. 21.Google Scholar

⁵ Turlish, , passimGoogle Scholar. He also claims that the mention of ‘Volume One of the “Stoddard Lectures”’ in Gatsby's library (The Great Gatsby, p. 55Google Scholar) is a more direct reference to Lothrop Stoddard's book. Here I think he is mistaken. Lothrop Stoddard did not publish anything of a multi-volume nature or with the word ‘Lectures’ in the title, whereas a well-known work of the time was John L. Stoddard's Lectures, originally published in ten volumes by Balch Brothers of Boston in 1905–6 and reprinted in 1925 by G. L. Shuman of Chicago. Stoddard, John Lawson (1850–1931)Google Scholar, Lothrop Stoddard's father, was a reclaimed Catholic (see his Rebuilding a Lost Faith, 1921Google Scholar) and experienced travel writer; volume one of his major work – the pages of which, of course, remain uncut in Gatsby's library – consists of lectures on Norway, Switzerland, Athens and Venice. On this matter, see also Ellis, James, ‘The “Stoddard Lectures” in The Great Gatsby’, American Literature, 44 (Autumn, 1972), 470–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶ But, all told, as Sklar and others have shown, Fitzgerald went through an organic deepening process during the years immediately preceding the composition of Gatsby, a process which involved an increasingly greater awareness of history. It is improbable that any one work could have served as Fitzgerald's key to an understanding or rendering of historical change; and if one work could have done such service it is more likely, surely, that it was one by Henry Adams or James Harvey Robinson or some other relevant figure known to have influenced Fitzgerald's thinking at that time.

⁷ Turlish, , p. 443Google Scholar. Of course, most writers on Fitzgerald's social thought have ignored the subject of race; see, for example, Greenleaf, Richard, ‘The Social Thinking of F. Scott Fitzgerald’, Science and Society, 16 (Spring, 1952), 97–114.Google Scholar

⁸ See the examination of the period in Higham, John's Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New York: Atheneum, 1965)Google Scholar; Murphy, Paul L. provides a briefer analysis of certain aspects in ‘Sources and Nature of Intolerance in the 1920's’, Journal of American History, 51 (06, 1964), 60–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹ Quoted in Higham, , p. 172.Google Scholar

¹⁰ The Rising Tide of Color, pp. xi–xxxii.Google Scholar

¹¹ Howe, , William Faulkner: A Critical Study, 2nd ed. revised (New York: Vintage, 1962), p. 120.Google Scholar

¹² Higham, , p. 265.Google Scholar

¹³ See, for example, Sklar, , pp. 115–16.Google Scholar

¹⁴ The Great Gatsby, p. 22.Google Scholar

¹⁵ This was also published by Charles Scribner's Sons. The edition cited in this essay is that published in London during 1917 by George Bell.

¹⁶ The Passing of the Great Race, passim. For a thorough examination of Gian's doctrines, especially of his spurious science, see Spitz, David, Patterns of Anti-Democratic Thought (New York: Macmillan, 1949), pp. 137–62Google Scholar. Another interesting commentary on Grant and Stoddard is to be found in Race: The History of an Idea in America by Gossett, Thomas F. (New York: Schocken, 1965), pp. 353–63, 390–8 and 426–7Google Scholar; Professor Gossett, it should be said, preceded others in developing the connexion between Tom Buchanan's outburst and Stoddard (see p. 397).

¹⁷ This Side of Paradise, The Bodley Head Scott Fitzgerald, vol. III (London: The Bodley Head, 1960), pp. 131–2.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid., p. 149.

¹⁹ For a discussion of this sort of veneration and similar ideas, see the opening chapters of Davenport, F. Garvin's The Myth of Southern History (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970).Google Scholar

²⁰ The Passing of the Great Race, pp. 81–2Google Scholar; this passage may also be found – as the culmination of a well chosen representative sample from Grant – in Handlin, Oscar, ed., Immigration as a Factor in American History (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1958), pp. 183–5.Google Scholar

²¹ The Passing of the Great Race, p. 81.Google Scholar

²² Ibid., p. 14.

²³ The Beautiful and Damned, The Bodley Head Scott Fitzgerald, vol. IV (London: The Bodley Head, 1961), p. 100.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ibid., p. 251.

²⁵ Sklar, , pp. 104–5.Google Scholar

²⁶ The Beautiful and Damned, p. 382Google Scholar. All told, it is perhaps surprising that Milton Hindus is not more censorious in his ‘F. Scott Fitzgerald and Literary Anti-Semitism’, Commentary, 3 (1947). 508–16.Google Scholar

²⁷ The Beautiful and Damned, p. 227.Google Scholar

²⁸ The Passing of the Great Race, p. 40 and passimGoogle Scholar; see also Grant, 's ‘Discussion of [Alleyne Ireland's] Article on Democracy and Heredity’, Journal of Heredity, 10 (1919), 164–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁹ The Passing of the Great Race, p. 14.Google Scholar

³⁰ Turnbull, Andrew, ed., The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald (New York: Scribner's, 1963), p. 326.Google Scholar

³¹ The Great Gatsby, pp. 155–6.Google Scholar

³² For Hindus, see n. 26 above; for Fiedler, see Waiting for the End (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 89.Google Scholar

³³ The Great Gatsby, pp. 82–3.Google Scholar

³⁴ In Bradbury, Malcolm and Palmer, David, eds., The American Novel and the Nineteen Twenties (London: Edward Arnold, 1971), p. 251.Google Scholar

³⁵ Osofsky, , ‘Symbols of the Jazz Age: The New Negro and Harlem Discovered’, American Quarterly, 17 (Summer, 1965), 229–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁶ Locke, and Stoddard, , ‘Should the Negro be Encouraged to Cultural Equality?’, Forum, 78 (1927), 500–19.Google Scholar

³⁷ Letters, p. 490.Google Scholar