Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T17:11:23.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Evolution of the Argopecten Gibbus Stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary Species of Eastern North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2017

Thomas R. Waller
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The living members of the Argopecten gibbus stock include the bay and calico scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) and A. gibbus (Linné), both common in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico; the less common A. nucleus (Born) of the Caribbean, southern Gulf of Mexico, Antilles, and southeastern Florida; and the common A. circularis (Sowerby) and A. purpuratus (Lamarck) of the eastern Pacific. The fossil members of the stock include the ancestors of these living species together with Argopecten eboreus (Conrad), an extinct species or species-group not ancestral to any of the later taxa. This study seeks to determine evolutionary relationships within the Argopecten gibbus stock by working back through the fossil record from a model of the morphological and ecological relationships of living species and subspecies. Biologically, the study is limited to an analysis of the morphology and ecology of the living taxa deduced from population samples. Paleontologically, it is limited to an analysis of morphological variation among samples of fossil populations collected from upper Cenozoic strata (Alum Bluff Group of the middle Miocene through the Pleistocene) exposed on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States. The time span investigated is about 18 million years, according to the latest published scale of absolute time.

Differences between samples were studied and evaluated by means of morphometric data consisting of 70 measurements and form ratios of the outline, ligamenture, and musculature of each valve. Using an electronic digital computer, data were subjected to univariate and bivariate analyses, and samples were compared using machine-plotted, bivariate scatter diagrams, reduced major axes, and other graphical techniques. Data from right and left valves were treated separately, except that they were recombined in the study of characters that differ between valves, thereby furnishing new information on intervalve features.

The postulated phylogeny shows a poorly known species, Argopecten species b, in the early middle Miocene (Oak Grove Sand), that is apparently very near the origin of the stock. This species evolved phyletically through A. nicholsi (Gardner) of the Shoal River Formation and A. choctawhatcheensis (Mansfield) of the Arca Faunizone into A. comparilis (Tuomey & Holmes) of the upper Miocene (Tamiami, Pinecrest, Duplin, and Yorktown Formations). A. comparilis was apparently broadly adapted and widely distributed, living in bays, sounds, and open marine waters in the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean and probably extending through seaway passages to the Pacific, where it gave rise phyletically to A. circularis. By the end of the Miocene, on the eastern side of the Americas, this variable species had split, giving rise to a primitive bay scallop, A. anteamplicostatus (Mansfield), that, like the living bay scallop (its phyletic descendant), was probably ecologically restricted to the semienclosed waters of bays and sounds, and to another species, A. vicenarius (Conrad), probably restricted to open marine waters like the living calico scallop. The primitive bay scallop was apparently unable to reach the Pacific, but the open-marine species seems to have given rise to both the Pacific A. purpuratus and the Atlantic calico scallop, A. gibbus. The living Pacific A. circularis is morphologically primitive in that it resembles the Miocene species A. comparilis more than it does any of the later species on the eastern side of the Americas and is ecologically primitive in that it is broadly adapted and able to live both in bays and sounds and in open marine waters. During the Pleistocene, A. nucleus, a tropical bay scallop, is inferred to have split from A. gibbus and to have become morphologically convergent on the true bay scallop, A. irradians. A. eboreus, a common scallop on the eastern side of the Americas in the Miocene and Pliocene, represents a highly variable yet morphologically persistent lineage that neither split nor gave rise phyletically to other species and that became extinct during the early Pleistocene. In certain features of morphology, the A. gibbus lineage is convergent on the A. eboreus lineage, indicating that the extinct species may also have been restricted to open marine waters.

On the basis of the materials analyzed thus far, the evolution (both phyletic change and splitting) of the stock has been faster on the Atlantic side of the Americas than on the Pacific side, with the living Pacific species resembling late Miocene and early Pliocene Atlantic species. Because barrier islands seem to have played a key role in speciation within the stock, it would appear that evolutionary differences may have been caused by the active coastal tectonism of the Pacific side destroying such island barriers before genetic differences between inshore and offshore scallop populations could arise.

With regard to nomenclature, the name Argopecten is shown to be a senior synonym of Plagioctenium; the generic name Aequipecten is rejected for American species related to Argopecten gibbus; and it is concluded that the generic name Chlamys, sensu lato, is better applied as the subfamily name Chlamydinae. The species name Argopecten vicenarius (Conrad), unused since 1898, is reinstated as the only available name for an important taxon occurring in the Caloosahatchee Marl of Florida and the Waccamaw Formation of the Carolinas.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 43 , Issue S3: Paleontological Society Memoir 3. The Evolution of the Argopecten Gibbus Stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary Species of Eastern North America , September 1969 , pp. 1 - 125
Copyright
Copyright © 1969 Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, R. T., 1954, American seashells: Princeton, Van Nostrand Co, 541 p., 40 pls., 100 text-figs. Google Scholar
Allen, J. A., 1953, Observations on the epifauna of the deep-water muds of the Clyde Sea area, with special reference to Chlamys septemradiata (Müller): Jour. Animal Ecology, v. 22, p. 240–260, 11 text-figs. Google Scholar
American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1961, Code of stratigraphic nomenclature: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull, v. 45, p. 645–665.Google Scholar
Anthony, R., 1905, Influence de la fixation pleurothétique sur la morphologie des mollusques acéphales dimyaires: Paris, Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences, Ann. Sciences Naturelles, ser. A, no. 497, p. 165–396, pls. 7–9, 56 text-figs. Google Scholar
Arnold, Ralph, 1906, The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 47, 264 p., 53 pls., 2 text-figs. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baird, R. H., 1958, On the swimming behaviour of escallops (Pecten maximus L.): Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 33, pt. 2, p. 67–71, pls. 7, 8. Google Scholar
Baird, R. H., & Gibson, F. A., 1956, Underwater observations on escallop (Pecten maximus L.) beds: Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom, v. 35, p. 555–562, 5 text-figs. Google Scholar
Barker, R. M., 1964, Microtextural variation in pelecypod shells: Malacologia, v. 2, p. 69–86, 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Bateson, William, 1889, On some variations of Cardium edule, apparently correlated to the conditions of life: Royal Soc. London Proc., v. 46, p. 204–211.Google Scholar
Beerbower, J. R., 1960, Search for the past, an introduction to paleontology: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 562 p.Google Scholar
Behrens, E. W., 1966, Recent emerged beach in eastern Mexico: Science, v. 152, p. 642–643, 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Belding, D. L., 1910, A report upon the scallop fishery of Massachusetts, including the habits, life history of Pecten irradians, its rate of growth, and other facts of economic value: Boston, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 150 p., 118 text-figs. Google Scholar
Bird, S. O., 1965, Upper Tertiary Arcacea of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 5, no. 34, 62 p., 6 pls. Google Scholar
B⊘ggild, O. B., 1930, The shell structure of the mollusks: Skr. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, Naturvidensk. Math. Afhandl., ser. 9, v. 2, p. 232–326, 15 pls., 10 text-figs. Google Scholar
Born, Ignaz von, 1780, Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis: Vienna, 442 p., 18 pls. Google Scholar
Bourne, N., 1964, Scallops and the offshore fishery of the Maritimes: Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bull., no. 145, 60 p., 33 text-figs. Google Scholar
Brauer, Friedrich, 1878, Bemerkungen über die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen original-exemplare zu Ign. v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis: Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., v. 77, abth. 1, p. 117–192.Google Scholar
Brooks, H. K., Ross, Arnold, & Eppert, H. C. Jr., 1963, An unusual Miocene pelecypod burrow: Fla. Acad. Sci. Quart. Jour., v. 26, no. 1, p. 48–52, 1 text-fig. Google Scholar
Caddy, J. F., 1968, Underwater observations on scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) behaviour and drag efficiency: Fisheries Research Board of Canada Jour., v. 25, no. 10, p. 2123–2141, 11 text-figs., 4 tables. Google Scholar
Carpenter, P. P., 1864, Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America: British Assoc. Adv. Sci., Rept. 33, p. 517–686.Google Scholar
Choat, J. H., 1960, Scallop investigation, Tasman Bay 1959–60: New Zealand Marine Dept. Fisheries Tech. Rept., no. 2, 51 p., 16 text-figs. Google Scholar
Clark, R. C. II, 1968, Mollusk shell: daily growth lines: Science, v. 161, p. 800–802, 4 text-figs. Google Scholar
Clarke, A. H. Jr., 1965, The scallop superspecies Aequipecten irradians (Lamarck): Malacologia, v. 2, p. 161–188, pls. 1–4, 6 text-figs. Google Scholar
Clarke, A. H. Jr., Stanley, D. J., Medcof, J. C., & Drinnan, R. E., 1967, Ancient oyster and bay scallop shells from Sable Island: Nature, v. 215, no. 5106, p. 1146–1148, 1 text-fig. Google Scholar
Cock, A. G., 1966, Genetical aspects of metrical growth and form in animals: Quart. Rev. Biology, v. 41, p. 131–190, 8 text-figs. Google Scholar
Cole, W. S., 1944, Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of wells in Florida—No. 3: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 26, 168 p., 29 pls., 5 text-figs., 7 tables. Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A., 1833, On some fossil and recent shells of the United States: Am. Jour. Science, v. 23, p. 339–346.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A., 1843, Descriptions of a new genus, and of twenty-nine new Miocene, and one Eocene fossil shells of the United States: Acad. Nat. Science Philadelphia Proc., 1st ser., v. 1, p. 305–311.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W., 1936, Geology of the coastal plain of South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 867, 196 p., 18 pls., 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W., 1945, Geology of Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 29, 339 p., 47 text-figs. Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W., Gardner, Julia, & Woodring, W. P., 1943, Correlation of the Cenozoic formations of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and the Caribbean region: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 54, p. 1713–1723, illus. Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A., & Marshall, Nelson, 1963, Condition of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians, in relation to age and the environment: Chesapeake Science, v. 4, no. 3, p. 126–134, 8 text-figs. Google Scholar
Dakin, W. J., 1909, Pecten: Liverpool Marine Biology Committee Memoirs, no. 17, 136 p., 9 pls., 4 text-figs. Google Scholar
Dall, W. H., 1890–1903, Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, with especial reference to the Miocene Silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchee River: Wagner Free Inst. Science Trans., v. 3, pts. 1–6, 1654 p., 60 pls. Google Scholar
Dall, W. H., 1902, Illustrations and descriptions of new, un-figured, or imperfectly known shells, chiefly American, in the U. S. National Museum: U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 24, no. 1264, p. 499–566, pls. 27–40. Google Scholar
Dall, W. H., 1925, Notes on the nomenclature of some of our east American species of Pecten with descriptions of new species: Nautilus, v. 38, no. 4, p. 112–120.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H., Bartsch, Paul, & Rehder, H. A., 1938, A manual of the recent and fossil marine pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. Bull. 153, 233 p., 58 pls., 28 text-figs. Google Scholar
Davenport, C. B., 1903, A comparison of some pectens from the east and west coasts of the United States, in Parker, G. H. (ed.), Mark anniversary volume: New York, Henry Holt and Co., p. 123–136, pl. 9. Google Scholar
Davenport, C. B., 1938, Growth lines in fossil pectens as indicators of past climates: Jour. Paleontology, v. 12, p. 514–515.Google Scholar
Davis, R. L., & Marshall, Nelson, 1961, The feeding of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians: Natl. Shell Fisheries Assoc. Proc., v. 52, p. 25–29.Google Scholar
Dodge, Henry, 1952, The classes Loricata and Pelecypoda, pt. 1 of A historical review of the mollusks of Linnaeus: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 100, art. 1, 203 p.Google Scholar
Drew, G. A., 1906, The habits, anatomy, and embryology of the giant scallop (Pecten tenuicostatus, Mighels) : Maine, Univ., Studies, no. 6, 71 p., 36 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., 1958a, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the late Neogene strata of the Caloosahatchee River area of southern Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 40, 267 p., 4 pls., 49 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., 1958b, Neogene stratigraphy of southwestern Florida: Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Socs. Trans., v. 8, p. 129–155, 14 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., 1959, The Waccamaw and Croatan deposits of the Carolinas: S.C. State Devel. Board Div. Geology, Geol. Notes, v. 3, no. 6, 9 p.Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., 1962, Neogene biostratigraphy of the Charlotte Harbor area in southwestern Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 43, 83 p., 2 pls., 8 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., & Beardsley, D. W., 1961, Paleoecology of the Choctawhatchee deposits (late Miocene) at Alum Bluff, Florida: Southeastern Geology, v. 2, p. 155–189, 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., & Furbunch, H. W. C., 1965, The Waccamaw formation (Pliocene?) and its macrofauna, Intracoastal Waterway, Horry County, South Carolina: S.C. State Devel. Board Div. Geology, Geol. Notes, v. 9, no. 1, 24 p., 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., & Howard, J. F., 1963, Paleoecology of the type Waccamaw (Pliocene?) outcrops, South Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 5, p. 27–68, 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., & Solliday, J. R., 1963, Stratigraphy of the Neogene deposits, lower Neuse Estuary, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 4, p. 213–233, 6 text-figs. Google Scholar
Du Bar, J. R., & Taylor, D. S., 1962, Paleoecology of the Choctawhatchee deposits, Jackson Bluff, Florida: Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Socs. Trans., v. 12, p. 349–376, 11 text-figs. Google Scholar
Emerson, W. K., & Hertlein, L. G., 1964, Invertebrate megafossils of the Belvedere expedition to the Gulf of California: San Diego Mus. Nat. History Trans., v. 13, no. 17, p. 333–368, 6 text-figs. Google Scholar
Emery, K. O., 1967, Estuaries and lagoons in relation to continental shelves, in Lauff, G. H. (ed.), Estuaries: Washington, D.C., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Pub. 83, p. 9–11, 1 text-fig. Google Scholar
Fairbridge, W. S., 1953, A population study of the Tasmanian “commercial” scallop, Notovola meridionalis (Tate) (Lamellibranchiata, Pectinidae): Australian Jour. Marine and Freshwater Res., v. 4, no. 1, 40 p., 1 pl., 7 text-figs. Google Scholar
Ferreira, C. S., 1960, Mollusca-Pelecypoda, pt. VI of Contribuição á paleontologia do estado do Pará. Revisão da família Pectinidae da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno inferior), com a descrição de novas espécies: Arquivos do Mus. Nac. 50, p. 135–166, 4 pls. Google Scholar
Fischer, P. H., 1880–1887, Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique: Paris, 1369 p., 24 pls. Google Scholar
Fitch, J. E., 1953, Common marine bivalves of California: Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Marine Fisheries Br., Fish Bull. 90, 102 p., 63 text-figs. Google Scholar
Fulton, H. C., 1939, Note on Pecten (Chlamys) muscosus Wood, 1828, and P. exasperatus Sow., 1842: Nautilus, v. 52, no. 3, p. 102.Google Scholar
Gardner, Julia, 1926–1950, The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Papers 142-A through 142-I; 142-A, Pt. I, Prionodesmacea and Anomalodesmacea, p. 1–79 (1926); 142-B, Pt. II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea, p. 81–99 (1926); 142-C, Pt. III, Lucinacea, Leptonacea, Cardiacea, p. 101–149 (1926); 142-D, Pt. IV, Veneracea, p. 151–184 (1926); 142-E, Pt. V, Tellinacea, Solenacea, Mactracea, Myacea, Molluscoidea, p. 185–249 (1928); 142-F, Pt. VI, Pteropoda, Opisthobranchia, and Ctenobranchia, p. 251–435 (1937 [1938]); 142-G, Pt. VII, Stenoglossa, p. 437–491 (1944); 142-H, Pt. VIII, Ctenobranchia, Aspidobranchia, and Scaphopoda, p. 493–656 (1947); 142-I, Pt. IX, Index to chapters A-H, p. 657–709 (1950).Google Scholar
Gardner, Julia, 1936, Additions to the molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 14, 82 p., 10 pls. Google Scholar
Gardner, Julia, 1943, Pelecypoda, pt. I of Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 199-A, 178 p., 23 pls., 4 text-figs. Google Scholar
Grant, U. S. IV, & Gale, H. R., 1931, Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions: San Diego Soc. Nat. History Mem., v. 1, 1036 p., 32 pls., 15 text-figs. Google Scholar
Grau, Gilbert, 1952a, A new subspecies of Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus (Linné): Nautilus, v. 66, no. 1, p. 17–19, 1 pl. Google Scholar
Grau, Gilbert, 1952b, Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus portusregii, new name: Nautilus, v. 66, no. 2, p. 69.Google Scholar
Grau, Gilbert, 1959, Pectinidae of the eastern Pacific: Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, v. 23, 308 p., 57 pls. Google Scholar
Grau, Gilbert, 1960, A new Chlamys from the south Pacific: Nautilus, v. 74, no. 1, p. 15–18, pl. 2, 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Grosvenor, M. B., 1965, Safe landing on Sable, isle of 500 shipwrecks: Natl. Geog. Mag., v. 128, no. 3, p. 398–431.Google Scholar
Gutsell, J. S., 1931, Natural History of the bay scallop: Bur. Fisheries Bull., v. 46, p. 569–632, 32 text-figs. Google Scholar
Harland, W. B., Smith, A. G., & Wilcock, Bruce (eds.), 1964, The Phanerozoic time-scale—A symposium dedicated to Professor Arthur Holmes: Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., supp., v. 120s, 458 p.Google Scholar
Hartnoll, R. G., 1967, An investigation of the movement of the scallop, Pecten maximus: Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, v. 15, p. 523–533, 7 text-figs., 3 tables. Google Scholar
Heilprin, Angelo, 1881, A revision of the cis-Mississippi Tertiary pectens of the United States: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 3rd ser., v. 11, p. 416–422.Google Scholar
Heilprin, Angelo, 1887a, Explorations on the west coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee wilderness: Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., v. 1, 134 p., 19 pls. Google Scholar
Heilprin, Angelo, 1887b, The Miocene Mollusca of the state of New Jersey: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 3rd ser., v. 17, p. 397–405.Google Scholar
Hertlein, L. G., 1966, Pliocene fossils from Rancho el Refugio, Baja California, and Cerralvo Island, Mexico: Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc., 4th ser., v. 30, no. 14, p. 265–284, 17 text-figs. Google Scholar
Hertlein, L. G., & Emerson, W. K., 1959, Pliocene and Pleistocene megafossils from the Tres Marías Islands, pt. 5 of Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico: Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 1940, 15 p., 5 text-figs. Google Scholar
Hoyt, J. H., 1967, Barrier island formation: Geol. Soc. America Bull, v. 78, p. 1125–1136, 8 text-figs. Google Scholar
Huxley, J. S., 1958, Evolutionary processes and taxonomy with special reference to grades: Uppsala Univ. Årssk., 1958, p. 21–39, 12 text-figs. Google Scholar
Imbrie, John, 1956, Biometrical methods in the study of invertebrate fossils: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull, v. 108, art. 2, p. 215–252, 10 text-figs. Google Scholar
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1964, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, adapted by the XV International Congress of Zoology, 2nd ed.: London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 176 p.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. T., 1890, Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda. The Aviculidae and their allies: Boston Soc. Nat. History Mem., v. 4, p. 277–400, pls. 23–30, 53 text-figs. Google Scholar
Keen, A. M., 1960, Pectinidae of the Eastern Pacific by Gilbert Grau [a review]: Veliger, v. 2, no. 4, p. 100–101.Google Scholar
Ladd, H. S., 1951, Brackish-water and marine assemblages of the Texas coast, with special reference to mollusks: Inst. Marine Science Pub, v. 2, no. 1, p. 125–163, 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de, 1819, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres: Paris, v. 6, pt. 1, 343 p.Google Scholar
Linné, Carl von, 1758, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae … editio decima, reformata: Stokholm, Regnum animale, v. 1, 823 p.Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1930, Miocene gastropods and scaphopods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 3, 189 p., 21 pls. Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1932a, Miocene pelecypods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 8, 240 p., 34 pls., 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1932b, Pliocene fossils from limestone in southern Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 170-D, p. 43–56, pls. 14–18. Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1935, New Miocene gastropods and scaphopods from Alaqua Creek Valley, Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 12, 64 p., 5 pls. Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1936, Stratigraphic significance of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene Pectinidae in the southeastern United States: Jour. Paleontology, v. 10, p. 168–192, pls. 22, 23, 1 text-fig. Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1939, Notes on the upper Tertiary and Pleistocene mollusks of Peninsular Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 18, 75 p., 4 pls., 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Mansfield, W. C., 1940, Mollusks of the Chickasawhay Marl: Jour. Paleontology, v. 14, p. 171–226, pls. 25–27. Google Scholar
Marceau, F., 1909, Recherches sur la morphologie, l'histologie et la physiologie comparées des muscles adducteurs des mollusques acéphales: Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen., ser. 5, v. 2, p. 295–469, pls. 9–12, 91 text-figs. Google Scholar
Marceau, F., 1936, Sur quelques propriétés spéciales des muscles adducteurs des mollusques acéphales en rapport avec leur disposition et leur structure: Mus. Royal d'Hist. Nat. Belgique Mem., ser. 2, pt. 3, p. 941–975, 19 text-figs. Google Scholar
Marshall, Nelson, 1960, Studies of the Niantic River, Connecticut, with special reference to the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 5, no. 1, p. 86–105, 9 text-figs. Google Scholar
Mayr, Ernst, 1963, Animal species and evolution: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 797 p.Google Scholar
Merrill, A. S., 1961, Shell morphology in the larval and postlarval stages of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin): Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 125, no. 1, 20 p., 3 pls., 5 text-figs. Google Scholar
Mincher, A. R., 1941, The fauna of the Pascagoula formation: Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, p. 337–348, pls. 46–47. Google Scholar
Monterosato, T. A. di, 1889, Coquilles marines Marocaines: Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 37, p. 20–40, 112–121. Google Scholar
Monterosato, T. A. di, 1899, Revision de quelques Pecten des mers d'Europe: Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 47, p. 182–193, 9 text-figs. Google Scholar
Newell, N. D., 1937 [1938], Late Paleozoic pelecypods: Pectinacea: Kansas, State Geol. Survey Bull., v. 10, pt. 1, 123 p., 20 pls., 42 text-figs. Google Scholar
Oaks, R. Q. Jr., 1964, Post-Miocene stratigraphy and morphology, outer coastal plain, southeastern Virginia: Office of Naval Res., Geography Br., Tech. Rept. 5 (Contract NONR 609(40), Task Order NR 388–064), 241 p., 8 pls., 38 text-figs. Google Scholar
Oberling, J. J., 1955, Shell structure of west American Pelecypoda: Berkeley, California, Univ., unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 407 p., 9 pls. Google Scholar
Oberling, J. J., 1964, Observations on some structural features of the pelecypod shell: Sonderdruck Mitt. Naturf. Gesell. Bern, new ser., no. 20, 60 p., 6 pls., 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Obradovich, J. D., 1966, Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary in California, in Pecora, W. T. (ed.), Geological Survey Research, 1966: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 550-A, p. 161.Google Scholar
Olsen, A. M., 1955, Underwater studies on the Tasmanian commercial scallop, Notovola meridionalis (Tate) (Lamellibranchiata: Pectinidae): Australian Jour. Marine and Freshwater Res., v. 6, p. 392–409, 5 text-figs. Google Scholar
Olsson, A. A., 1961, Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific, particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru) : Ithaca, New York, Palaeontological Research Inst, 574 p., 86 pls. Google Scholar
Olsson, A. A., 1964, The geology and stratigraphy of south Florida, in Olsson, A. A., & Petit, R. E., Some Neogene Mollusca from Florida and the Carolinas: Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 47, no. 217, p. 509–526.Google Scholar
Olsson, A. A., 1968, A review of late Cenozoic stratigraphy of southern Florida, in Perkins, R. D. (ed.), Late Cenozoic stratigraphy of southern Florida—a reappraisal : Miami Geol. Soc., 2nd Ann. Field Trip, Feb. 1968, p. 66–82, 2 pls., 1 text-fig. Google Scholar
Olsson, A. A., & Harbison, Anne, 1953, Pliocene Mollusca of southern Florida, with special reference to those from North St. Petersburg: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Mon. 8, 457 p., 65 pls. Google Scholar
Pallary, M. P., 1920, Mission zoologique—Malacologie (1912) : Paris, Exploration Scientifique du Maroc, pt. 2, 108 p., 1 pl. Google Scholar
Parker, R. H., 1956, Macro-invertebrate assemblages as indicators of sedimentary environments in the east Mississippi delta region: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 40, p. 295–376, 8 pls., 32 text-figs. Google Scholar
Parker, R. H., 1959, Macro-invertebrate assemblages of central Texas coastal bays and Laguna Madre: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, p. 2100–2166, 6 pls., 32 text-figs. Google Scholar
Parker, R. H., 1960, Ecology and distributional patterns of marine macro-invertebrates, northern Gulf of Mexico, in Shepard, F. P., Phleger, F. B., & Van Andel, T. H. (eds.), Recent sediments, northwest Gulf of Mexico—A symposium summarizing the results of work carried on in Project 51 of the American Petroleum Institute, 1951–1958: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, p. 302–381, 6 pls., 17 text-figs. Google Scholar
Pelseneer, Paul, 1911, Les lamellibranches de l'expedition du Siboga. Partie anatomique: Mon. Siboga-Expeditie, no. 53a, 125 p., 26 pls. Google Scholar
Phillips, J. D., Berggren, W. A., Bertels, A., & Wall, D., 1968, Paleomagnetic stratigraphy and micropaleontology of three deep sea cores from the central North Atlantic Ocean: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 4, p. 118–130, 5 text-figs. Google Scholar
Pooser, W. K., 1965, Biostratigraphy of Cenozoic Ostracoda from South Carolina: Kansas, Univ., Paleont. Contrib., Arthropoda, art. 8 [no. 38], 80 p., 22 pls., 7 text-figs Google Scholar
Puri, H. S., 1953, Contribution to the study of the Miocene of the Florida panhandle: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 36, 345 p., 17 pls., 14 text-figs. Google Scholar
Puri, H. S., & Vernon, R. O., 1959, Summary of the geology of Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures: Fla. Geol. Survey Spec. Pub. 5, rev., 255 p., 11 pls., 11 text-figs. Google Scholar
Puri, H. S., & Vernon, R. O., 1964, Summary of the geology of Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures: Fla. Geol. Survey Spec. Pub. 5, rev., 312 p., 11 pls., 35 text-figs. Google Scholar
Reeve, L. A., 1853, Monograph of the genus Pecten: Conchologia Iconica, v. 8, 72 p., 35 pls. Google Scholar
Richards, H. G., 1950, Geology of the coastal plain of North Carolina: Am. Philos. Soc., new ser., v. 40, pt. 1, 83 p., 76 text-figs. Google Scholar
Richards, H. G., 1962, Studies on the marine Pleistocene: Am. Philos. Soc., new ser., v. 52, pt. 3, 141 p., 21 pls., 35 text-figs. Google Scholar
Röding, P. F., 1798, Museum Boltenianum … pars secunda, continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia: Hamburgi, 199 p.Google Scholar
Roger, Jean, 1939, Le genre Chlamys dans les formations Néogenes de l'Europe: Soc. Geol. de France Mem. 40, new ser., v. 17, 294 p., 33 pls., 113 text-figs. Google Scholar
Rosen, D. E., & Bailey, R. M., 1963, The poeciliid fishes (Cyprindontiformes), their structure, zoogeography, and systematics: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 126, art. 1, 176 p., 2 pls., 61 text-figs. Google Scholar
Rowland, , Tucker, H. I., 1938, The Atlantic and Gulf coast Tertiary Pectinidae of the United States [pt. 3]: Mus. Royal d'Hist. Nat. Belgique Mém., ser. 2, pt. 13, 76 p., 6 pls. Google Scholar
Rudwick, M. J. S., 1964, The function of zigzag de-flexions in the commissures of fossil brachiopods: Palaeontology, v. 7, pt. 1, p. 135–171, pls. 21–29, 14 text-figs. Google Scholar
Sastry, A. N., 1961, Studies on the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians concentricus Say, in Alligator Harbor, Florida: Tallahassee, Fla. State Univ., unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 118 p., 12 text-figs. Google Scholar
Sastry, A. N., 1962, Some morphological and ecological differences in two closely related species of scallops, Aequipecten irradians Lamarck and Aequipecten gibbus Dall from the Gulf of Mexico: Fla. Acad. Sci. Quart. Jour., v. 25, p. 89–95, 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Sastry, A. N., 1963, Reproduction of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians Lamarck. Influence of temperature on maturation and spawning: Biol. Bull., v. 125, no. 1, p. 146–153.Google Scholar
Sastry, A. N., 1965, The development and external morphology of pelagic larval and post-larval stages of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians concentricus Say, reared in the laboratory: Bull. Marine Sci., v. 15, p. 417–435, 25 text-figs. Google Scholar
Say, Thomas, 1822, An account of some of the marine shells of the United States: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Tour., v. 2, pt. 2, p. 221–248, 302–325. Google Scholar
Schuchert, Charles, 1905, Catalogue of the type specimens of fossil invertebrates in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum, sec. I of Fossil invertebrates, pt. I of Catalogue of the type and figured specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, and ores in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum: U. S. National Museum Bull. 53, 704 p.Google Scholar
Shaw, W. N., 1963, Index of condition and percent solids of raft-grown oysters in Massachusetts: Natl. Shellfisheries Assoc. Proc., v. 52, p. 47–52, 2 text-figs. Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G., 1961, Principles of animal taxonomy : New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 247 p., 30 text-figs. Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G., Roe, Anne, & Lewontin, R. C., 1960, Quantitative zoology, rev. ed.: New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 440 p., 64 text-figs. Google Scholar
Smith, R. H., 1941, Micropaleontology and stratigraphy of a deep well at Niceville, Okaloosa County, Florida: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 25, p. 263–286, 2 pls., 3 text-figs. Google Scholar
Sowerby, G. B., 1835, Characters and observations on new genera and species of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cumming: Zool. Soc. London Proc., v. 3, p. 4–7, 49–51, 93–96, 109–110. Google Scholar
Sowerby, G. B., 1842, Monograph of the genus Pecten. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells: London, p. 45–82, pls. 12–20. Google Scholar
Spaulding, M. H., 1906, Distribution of the scallops and clams in the Chandeleur Island regions, Louisiana : Gulf Biol. Sta. La. Bull. 6, p. 29–43.Google Scholar
Stasek, C. R., 1963, Orientation and form in the bivalved Mollusca: Jour. Morphology, v. 112, p. 195–214, 12 text-figs. Google Scholar
Tabb, D. C., & Manning, R. B., 1961, A checklist of the flora and fauna of northern Florida Bay and adjacent brackish waters of the Florida mainland, collected during the period July, 1957 through September, 1960: Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Caribbean, v. 11, no. 4, p. 552–649, 8 text-figs. Google Scholar
Taylor, D. W., 1966, Summary of North American Blancan nonmarine mollusks: Malacologia, v. 4, no. 1, 172 p., 8 pls., 18 text-figs. Google Scholar
Trueman, E. R., 1953, The ligament of Pecten: Jour. Micros. Sci., v. 94, pt. 2, p. 193–202, 5 text-figs. Google Scholar
Tuomey, M., & Holmes, F. S., 1857, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina: Charleston, Russell and Jones, 152 p., 30 pls. Google Scholar
Turton, William, 1819, A conchological dictionary of the British Islands: London, 272 p.Google Scholar
Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., 1911, Preliminary report on the geology of the coastal plain of Georgia: Ga. Geol. Survey Bull. 26, 466 p., 30 pls., 13 text-figs., 2 maps. Google Scholar
Vernon, R. O., 1942, Geology of Holmes and Washington Counties, Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 21, 161 p., 20 text-figs., 7 tables, 1 map. Google Scholar
Vernon, R. O., 1952, The Cenozoic rocks of the northern Peninsula and Panhandle of Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey, Guidebook Assoc. Am. State Geologists, 44th Ann. Mtg. Field Trip, Apr. 1952, p. 46–61, illus. Google Scholar
Verrill, A. E., 1882, Catalogue of marine Mollusca added to the fauna of New England during the past ten years: Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. Trans., v. 5, pt. 2, p. 447–587, pls. 42–44, 57, 58. 10 text-figs. Google Scholar
Verrill, A. E., 1897, A study of the family Pectinidae, with a revision of the genera and subgenera: Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. Trans., v. 10, p. 41–95, pls. 16–21. Google Scholar
Vokes, E. H., 1963, Murex, sensu stricto, pt. I of Cenozoic Muricidae of the western Atlantic region: Tulane Studies Geology, v. 1, p. 93–123, 4 pls. Google Scholar
Vokes, E. H., 1967, Chicoreus (Phyllonotus), part III of Cenozoic Muricidae of the Western Atlantic region: Tulane Studies Geology, v. 5, p. 133–166, 6 pls., 1 table. Google Scholar
Vokes, H. E., 1967, Genera of the Bivalvia: A systematic and bibliographic catalogue: Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 51, no. 232, p. 105–394.Google Scholar
Waller, T. R., 1968, Two FORTRAN II programs for the univariate and bivariate analysis of morphometric data: U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 285, 55 p., 2 text-figs., 1 table. Google Scholar
Warmke, G. L., & Abbott, R. T., 1961, Caribbean seashells: Narberth, Pennsylvania, Livingston Publ. Co., 346 p., 44 pls., 34 text-figs. Google Scholar
Weaver, C. E., 1942, Paleontology of the marine Tertiary formations of Oregon and Washington: Wash., Univ., Pubs. Geology, v. 5, pts. 1–3, 789 p., 104 pls. Google Scholar
Weisbord, N. E., 1964, Late Cenozoic pelecypods from northern Venezuela: Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 45, no. 204, 564 p., 59 pls. Google Scholar
Wells, H. W., Wells, M. J., & Gray, I. E., 1964, The calico scallop community in North Carolina: Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Caribbean, v. 14, p. 561–593, 6 text-figs. Google Scholar
Weymouth, F. W., 1920, The edible clams, mussels and scallops of California: Calif. Fish and Game Comm. Fish Bull. 4, 74 p., 19 pls., 26 text-figs. Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P., 1894, Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene formations of New Jersey: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon., v. 24, 195 p., 24 pls. Google Scholar
Yonge, C. M., 1936, The evolution of the swimming habit in the Lamellibranchia: Mus. Royal d'Hist. Natl. Belgique Mem., ser. 2, pt. 3, p. 77–100, 10 text-figs. Google Scholar
Zieten, C. H. von, 1833, Die versteinerungen Württembergs, oder naturgetreue abbildungen der in den vollstandigsten sammlungen … (Les pétrifications de Wurtemberg): Stuttgart, Pt. 9, p. 65–72, 6 pls. Google Scholar